Chapter 4 Section 1 MissionPresidio System Because the French built a fort in Texas Spain realized they were not in control of Texas which provoked great fear among the Spanish In order to gain control of Texas the Spanish used the ID: 290432
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Slide1
Missions and Presidios
Chapter 4, Section 1Slide2
Mission-Presidio System
Because the French built a fort in Texas, Spain realized they were not in control of
Texas, which provoked
great fear among the Spanish.
In order to gain control of Texas, the Spanish used the
mission-presidio system
to build the population of Texas.
A
mission
is
a settlement set up in Indian territory
and were started by Friars.
. Slide3
Mission Presidio System
Friars are members of the clergy who belong to religious groups called orders.
Friars
invited Indians to live at the missions and Friars taught them about
Christianity and the language and customs of Spain.
They also taught them of
Spanish farming methodsSlide4
Goals
The overall goal was
to convert Native Americans to Christianity and also into loyal Spanish subjects.
The system had worked well in Mexico and hoped to have the same success in Texas making it more “Spanish” Slide5
Presidios
A
presidio
protected the mission. A presidio is a fort that offered
safety from unfriendly Indians
… but it also helped to
control the Native Americans inside the mission
.
The Spanish government paid the missionaries and the costs incurred to support the missions and presidios… they were supposed to become completely self-supporting. Slide6
The First Missions
In the 1680s the first mission in Texas was the mission of Corpus Christi de la Ysleta among the
Tigua
people (near El Paso)… La Salle’s arrival motivated Spain to move their efforts to the east.
Tejas
mission:
Settled with the
Hasinai
people (a group of Caddo) whom the Spanish called the
Tejas
(because of their famous phrase “
tay
yas
”) in 1690. The called this mission San Francisco de los
Tejas
and it was located 20 miles northeast of present-day Crockett. Slide7
Mission Failure
The
Hasinai
never fully took on the teachings of the friars and Spanish soldiers treated them
harshly
.
Many
Hasinai
became sick with Spanish diseases
because they had no resistance to them.
A
series of floods destroyed their crops and the
Hasainai
and they blamed the
Spanish
.
.Slide8
Mission Failure
The
Hasinai
people blamed the Spanish for this misfortune
They began to attack the Spanish people
The
Spanish abandoned the missions and headed west.
Before leaving the Friars buried the mission bells and destroyed the missionSlide9
Father Hidalgo
In 1711, Spanish missionary Father Francisco Hidalgo wrote to the French
to
help Father Hidalgo
with building a mission among the east Texas Caddo
. They sent St. Denis.
St
. Denis who travelled through Texas and arrived at the mission of San Juan Bautista. He was arrested
for being in Spanish lands
.
St. Denis convinced the Spanish to let him continue his missionary work and was freed. Slide10
Establishing Missions
Working with Father Hidalgo, St. Denis established
6 missions
and a presidio. One of these,
Los
Adaes
, became the capital of the province of Texas, located near Natchitoches; so the Spanish can keep an eye on the French.
Because Spain and France were at war in Europe in 1719, the war spread to the colonies. Slide11
The Chicken War
French soldiers decided to raid Los
Adaes
and found little there besides chickens, which they took. This “war” became known as the
Chicken
War.
After this “war” mission San Antonio de Valero was established because
it was a halfway point between the Rio Grande and east Texas
.
This was built on the San Antonio River and the land was very desirable. Slide12
Other Missions
Missions frequently faced raids from
the
Lipan Apaches,
Companches
,
Wichitas
, and
Tonkawas
.
They frequently stole horses and cattle.
Conflicts began to increase when the
Comanches
in the north continued to push south.
In 1749 the
Lipans
and Spanish made peace. The Spanish planned to build a mission for the
Lipans
who
had agreed to convert to Christianity if they were protected from the
Comanches
.
The Spanish built Santa Cruz de San Saba Mission for the
Lipans
.
They also built a presidio to protect the mission…. Slide13
Santa Cruz de San Saba
The Spanish did not know what the
Lipans
knew: the mission was located in Comanche territory….
The
Lipans
were hoping to
start a war between the Spanish and
Comanches
.
The Lipan Apaches never really lived at the mission. Slide14
Santa Cruz de San Saba
In 1758 about
2,000
Comanches
,
Wichitas
, and
Tonkawas
came in search of the
Lipans
.
They burned down the mission and killed most of the missionaries.
The mission was never rebuilt, but the presidio remained for a number of years.
The Spanish made one more attempt to build a mission among the Lipan on the upper Nueces
River called Camp Wood.
The Spanish could not keep the Lipan protected from attack and the mission failed.
The Spanish
stopped working with the Lipan
.Slide15
Life in the Missions
Chapter 4, Section 2Slide16
On the Missions
Missionaries
felt they should treat the Native Americans
like they are children who needed someone to guide them
. The Native Americans didn’t feel this way.
The Friars taught the Native Americans
Christianity
to convert them to
Catholicism
.Slide17
On the Mission
The main source of labor on the missions was
Native Americans
. They
planted and harvested crops and took care of the livestock
in order to keep the settlement going.
If a Native American did not work, they were punished. They were also punished for bad behavior. Slide18
Life in the Mission
The Native Americans came to live on these missions because the friars
gave them gifts, a steady supply of food, and protection from their enemies
.
The friars followed a
rigid
schedule
:
got up at dawn, went to daily religious meetings, said their prayers, and said the catechism (
a set of questions and answers about Catholic beliefs
).
This schedule was used to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism
.Slide19
Life on the Mission
Farming year round was difficult for Native Americans to get used to.
They were used to following animals for part of the year
. Slide20
Sustaining the Mission
In order to be successful, these missions needed to be self sufficient (support itself independently)
Crops
grown: Corn, beans, chili peppers, pimentos, watermelons, cantaloupes, pumpkins, and garden produce. Slide21
Sustaining the Mission
Livestock raised: Sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals.
Other things Native Americans made/did: Soap, bricks, cotton goods, became masons, seamstresses, and blacksmiths. Slide22
Mission Communities
The missions created
Spanish communities
in Texas.
In a few places, they became busy centers of trade. Towns grew up around the missions.
Missionaries and soldiers also brought
cattle and ranching to Texas.
The
Spanish appointed some of the mission Indians to be
local chiefs
. Slide23
Protection
The Spanish expected the Native Americans
to protect the forts… without guns
.
Soldier’s duties were to guard the livestock, carry messages, protect supply wagon trains, keep order in the mission, and protect the mission from Native American attacks.
Some soldiers brought their families to the presidio
to serve as models for the Indians and to attract other settlers to come live in town. Slide24
Unhealthy Conditions
Living year round in close quarters proved to be unhealthy for many Native Americans because
they could get sick and die
.
Epidemics (
rapid spread of disease in a short time
) were common. Slide25
Rejected!
Many
Native Americans rejected
life in the missions
. Others accepted
the teachings of the friars and joined the Christian faith
. Still, other Native Americans
took up farming and ranching
. Slide26
The Lipan Apaches
The Lipan Apaches were accused of “false friendliness” because
they asked for help against the
Comanches
originally, yet they never fully committed to mission life and sometimes continued to raid Spanish settlements and steal horses
.
The
Comanches
were hostile towards the Spanish too;
they saw them as a threat
.
. Slide27
Problems
Relations between officers and soldiers were often bad on these missions because officers often charged the soldiers more than the goods were worth and treated the soldiers badly, giving them poor suppliesSlide28
Different Treatment
Native Americans were treated differently by different people on these missions:
Soldiers believed they had to use force in dealing with the Native Americans
Friars tended to use more peaceful means.Slide29
The French Threat is Gone
At this time,
the French had lost the Seven Years War against Great Britain
(also known as the French and Indian War)
and ceded their land in Louisiana to Spain
, removing the French threat in Texas.
Still, as Marques de Rubi reports on behalf of Spain, that Spanish power was spread too thin in Texas and presidios could not protect Texas from the Native Americans.
. Slide30
The French Threat is Gone
Attacks were getting worse so Spain closed most of the missions. Only
San Antonio and La Bahia
were left open.
Because of this,
a unique blend of cultures
was left in Texas; this new culture group was called TejanosSlide31
The End Result
Though the mission-presidio system failed, the Spanish did make two contributions to Texas lifestyles:
Ranching and the language (naming of towns and rivers)
Remaining settlers, led by Antonio Gil
Ybaro
left the remaining missions to resettle east Texas. The area they returned to was Nacogdoches.
Only 3 Spanish settlements remained:
San Antonio, La Bahia, and Nacogdoches
.