enquiriesalevelphilosophycouk Metaphysics What is the fundamental nature of reality Ontology What exists What is the nature of what exists What is the mind or mental properties Start with substance and properties ID: 657927
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Slide1
The metaphysics of mind
Michael Lacewing
enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.ukSlide2
Metaphysics
What is the fundamental nature of reality?
Ontology: What exists?
What is the nature of what exists?
What is the mind or mental properties?
Start with substance and propertiesSlide3
Substance and properties
A substance is an entity, a thing, that does not depend on another entity for its continued existence.
It has ‘ontological independence’
Substances are what possess properties.
Properties can’t exist without substances
They depend on substances to exist.
Substances persist through changes in propertiesSlide4
Substance dualism
Is the mind a substance? Does it depend on the body in order to exist?
E.g. can the mind exist on its own after the death of the body?
Cartesian substance
dualism
: there are two sorts of substance, mind (or soul) and matter
Minds can exist independent of bodies
Mental
properties are properties of a mental
substanceSlide5
Monisms
Idealism: minds are the only kind of substance
W
hatever
exists is either a mind or depends on a mind
Materialism: matter is the only kind of substance
Physicalism: replace ‘matter’ by ‘physical substance’ in light of recent physics
Mental properties – Intentionality, consciousness – are properties of a physical substance
Mental states: beliefs
Mental events: thoughts, painsSlide6
What are mental properties?
Assuming that the only substance is physical substance, are mental properties types of physical property?
Type identity theory: yes, mental properties just are physical properties
E.g. Thinking a thought is
exactly the same thing
as certain neurones firing (mind-brain type identity theory)
This is ‘reductive’ physicalismSlide7
Two views on mental properties
Property dualism: mental
are a completely different type of property,
neither identical to, nor dependent on, physical properties
They are a new type of ‘fundamental’ property
Eliminative materialism: There are no mental properties as we usually think of them – no thoughts, no beliefs, etc.
Neuroscience will provide better concepts and explanations of human beingsSlide8
Mind is not a metaphysical question
Philosophical behaviourism: mental properties = dispositions to behave in particular ways
Functionalism: mental properties are
dispositions to behave in particular ways and have certain other mental properties, given certain inputs from the senses and certain other mental properties