/
Newcastle University,  England, UK Newcastle University,  England, UK

Newcastle University, England, UK - PowerPoint Presentation

frostedikea
frostedikea . @frostedikea
Follow
342 views
Uploaded On 2020-06-19

Newcastle University, England, UK - PPT Presentation

Peter Selman Newcastle University UK pfselmanyahoocouk June 2015 Twenty years of the Hague Convention a Statistical Review ID: 781351

states 2013 children adoptions 2013 states adoptions children 000 total africa china adoption korea special usa 2010 india 2009

Share:

Link:

Embed:

Download Presentation from below link

Download The PPT/PDF document "Newcastle University, England, UK" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.


Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Newcastle University, England, UK

Peter SelmanNewcastle University, UKpfselman@yahoo.co.ukJune 2015

Twenty years of the Hague Convention: a Statistical Review

Slide2

A Demographic History of ICAAlthough intercountry adoption is often seen as starting with the adoptions from South Korea after the Korean war, there were also many adoptions during and following World War 2, while the movement of children to distant lands was a feature of British policy from the 19th century to the 1960s – the story of the child migrants. So the period 1995-2015 is just a small part of the demographic history.

Since the end of WW2 I estimate at least one million children have moved to another country for international adoption.

Slide3

Slide4

Sources of Data for EstimatesFew countries sending children for ICA have kept detailed records over the whole period in which such adoptions took place. An exception is Korea, which records 165,000 international adoptions since 1953.For receiving States longest sequences are for USA and Sweden. My estimates are based on data from 20-24 states.

Slide5

SOUTH KOREA 1953-2010

Slide6

Intercountry Adoption 1990-991990

19931995199719991990-99USA7,0937,3778,98712,74316,363102,264France

2,9562,7903,035

3,5373,597

31,703

Italyn/a

1,896

2,161

2,019

2,177

14,788

Canada

320

1,740

2,020

1,795

2,020

15,694

Sweden

1,113

934

895

834

1,019

9,670

TOTAL

14,037

(11)

17,778

(15)

22,723

(19)

26,788

(20)

32,974

(22)

222,758

(11-22)

Slide7

Slide8

More than 380,000 children were adopted world-wide to 23/4 countries between 2000 and 2009, the most for any decade in history.From 2010-2013 there were a further

88,000 – and 2014 total seems likely to be 12-13,000 so that we can say that since 2000 there have been at least 480,000, nearly half my total estimate of ICA since 1945. From 1995 – 2014 total would be over 600,000.ICA in the 21st Century

Slide9

Intercountry Adoption 2001-20132001

20042007201020132000-13USA19,22422,88419,61312,1497,094234,032Spain

3,4285,6413,648

2,891

1,19147.636

France3,094

4,079

3,162

3,508

1,343

43,676

Italy

1,797

3,402

3,420

4,130

2,825

42,048

Canada

1,774

1,949

1,715

1,660

1,243

23,579

TOTAL

36,286

(23)

45,383

(23)

37,256

(24)

28,843

(24)

16,147

(24)

469,133 (23/4)

Slide10

ICA after the Hague ConventionIn summary the ten years after the convention came into force saw the largest rise in inter-country adoption in the 70 years since WW2.

However, since 2004 there has been a dramatic decline and by 2013 the annual total was the lowest since 1993 .In the tables below States of origin which have ratified the convention are in CAPITALS

Slide11

The Impact of the Hague on NumbersPreliminary Document No. 3 looks at this possibility for both receiving States and States of origin (para 61-75) and notes that

a decrease in numbers occurred in receiving States joining the convention after 2004 – e.g. Ireland and the USA - but that numbers also fell in most States joining in the preceding decade who had typically experienced an increase after ratification. The next two slides look at States of origin.

Slide12

States with an increase after joining StateYear of EIF

Previous 3 yrs Subseqent 3 yearsLast 3 years2011-2013BURKINA FASO199681101225MOLDOVA199819935033

SOUTH AFRICA2003454735

498HUNGARY

2005265

348421

GUATEMALA

2003

6,500

11,532

73

MALI

2006

304

462

320

KENYA

2007

108

189

283

Slide13

States with a decrease after joiningStateYear of EIF

Previous 3 yrs Subseqent 3 yearsLast 3 yrs2011-2013CHILE 1999509187335LATVIA2002417329391

CHINA 200635,83023,625

11,896VIET NAM

20122,479

1,130

MADAGASCAR

2004

1,020

427

162

CAMBODIA

2007

620

398

93

KAZAKHSTAN

2010

1,869

245

245

Slide14

The Decline in ICA 2009 - 2013The total number of adoptions fell from 45,383 in 2004 to 29,482 in 2009 – a fall of 35%. In the next five years the annual total fell further to

16,147 in 2013 - a decline of 45 per cent.The next slide shows how this varied between the major receiving States

Slide15

Receiving States 2009-2013

200920112013

% Change

2009

to

2013

DENMARK

496

338

174

- 65 %

SPAIN

3,006

2,573

1,191

- 60%

FRANCE

3,017

1,995

1,343

-

55%

ALL STATES

29,482

23,551

16,147

- 45 %

USA

12,753

9,320

7,094

-

44 %

CANADA

1,695

1,513

1,243

- 37 %

ITALY

3,964

4,022

2,825

-

29 %

Slide16

Top 9 States of Origin : 1980-2013

1980-891998

2004

2010

2013

Korea

India

Colombia

Brazil

Sri Lanka

 

Chile

Philippines

Guatemala

Peru

Russia

China

Viet Nam

Korea

COLOMBIA

INDIA

Guatemala

ROMANIA

Brazil

China

Russia

Guatemala

Korea

Ukraine

COLOMBIA

Ethiopia

Haiti

INDIA

CHINA

Ethiopia

Russia

Haiti

COLOMBIA

Viet Nam

Korea

Ukraine

INDIA

CHINA

Ethiopia

Russia

Ukraine

Congo

COLOMBIA

Philippines

Haiti

BULGARIA

Slide17

Slide18

Intercountry Adoptions from four continents – as % of all

20042007

2010

2013

ASIA

42%

40

%

36

%

35%

EUROPE

31%

21

%

20%

23%

Latin America

17

%

23

%

19%

12%

AFRICA

7%

13

%

22%

28%

Slide19

Adoptions from Asia

Since 1998 China has been the most important source of children worldwide: 140,000 adopted between 1992 and 2013.Until 1990 Korea was the main source of children for ICA and by 2013 had sent more than 165,000. In the 1980s 3 of the top 5 states of origin were Asian: Korea, India & Sri Lanka.

In 2004 42 per cent of adoptions were from Asia but by 2013

this had fallen to 35 per cent.

Slide20

Slide21

Adoptions from Asia 2003-20132003

20052007201020132003-13CHINA11,23114,4838,7485,4293,406

86,873Korea2,332

2,121

1,226

1,125227

15,623

VIET

NAM

931

1,198

1,698

1,260

295

11,379

INDIA

1,169

875

1,013

607

351

8,438

PHILIPPINES

412

508

571

496

534

5,448

THAILAND

489

466

442

303

306

4,236

All

Asia

17,608

20,559

14,767

10,238

5,566

142,273

Slide22

CHINA 2003-2013 Country

200320052007

2009

2011

2013

2014

USA

6,857

7,903

5,453

3,000

2,589

2,306

2,040

Spain

1,043

2,753

1,059

573

677

293

Canada

1,115

960

662

377

288

216

157

Netherlands

567

666

365

283

197

136

137

Sweden

373

462

280

248

107

59

50

France

360

458

176

102

87

99

Italy

0

0

0

23

142

161

TOTAL

11,231

14,483

8,748

5,012

4,373

3,406

Slide23

INDIA 1998-2013Country

199820022006

2011

2013

2014

USA

478

466

320

228

119

136

Italy

194

102

136

148

76

Canada

179

127

36

54

20

36

Denmark

120

93

30

7

3

Spain

97

109

79

35

7

Sweden

78

60

38

23

5

7

TOTAL

1,618

1,247

846

627

351

Slide24

Eastern Europe 2003-2013

200320042008

2013

Russia

7,737

9,384

4,132

1,793

Ukraine

2,052

2,021

1,577

642

BULGARIA

965

387

140

411

Belarus

656

616

7

6

ROMANIA

471

289

0

15

POLAND

347

420

408

304

LITHUANIA

85

103

127

77

LATVIA

67

127

90

131

ALL EUROPE

13,189

14,011

7,105

3,777

Slide25

RUSSIA 2004-2013

200420052007

2011

2013

2014

US (FY)

5,865

4,639

2,310

970

250

2

Spain

1,618

1,262

955

712

350

Italy

738

628

492

781

730

France

445

357

402

286

185

Germany

189

111

195

231

66

46

Israel

95

73

108

102

67

Total

9,384

7,493

4,881

3,424

1,793

Slide26

Intercountry Adoption from Africa

For many years intercountry adoption from Africa was rare. However, the growing demand for young infants - and fall in numbers from many other States of origin – has changed all that, notably in Ethiopia, which sent 4,575 children in 2009. Numbers have fallen in most countries since then but rose between 2010 and 2013 in Uganda (82 to 292) and Congo RD (

from 181 to 587). Congo has now suspended international adoptions.

Slide27

% of Adoptions from Africa2003

200520072009

2013

All countries: % of adoptions from Africa

6 %

8 %

13 %

22 %

28 %

% of adoptions to USA from Africa

2 %

4 %

9 %

23 %

30 %

% of adoptions to France from Africa

24 %

26 %

29 %

33 %

42%

% of adoptions to Spain from Africa

4 %

5 %

15 %

26 %

23 %

Slide28

TOP AFRICAN STATES 2012-3

201320122009

2007

2003

Ethiopia

2,005

2,800

4,575

3,034

855

Congo DR

587

518

156

65

26

Uganda

292

249

74

57

12

Nigeria

243

266

185

83

64

Sth

AFRICA

222

173

292

212

188

Ghana

190

186

121

58

18

Mali

13

154

196

158

136

All Africa

4,450

5,292

6,510

4,820

2,344

Slide29

Standardised Rates 2009AFRICA

Adoptions per 1,000 birthsOtherCountriesAdoptions per 1,000 births

Peak rate

(year)

Ethiopia

1.28

HAITI

4.52

9.6

(2010)

Ghana

0.5

Ukraine

3.24

5.0

(2003)

Cote d’Ivoire

0.4

Korea

3.16

13.3

(1985)

MALI

0.35

Russia

2.59

7.7

(2004)

S AFRICA

0.27

Guatemala

1.75

10.8

(2007)

Congo RD

0.05

CHINA

0.28

0.8

(2005)

Nigeria

0.03

INDIA

0.03

0.05

(2003)

Slide30

Adoption from Latin America

In the 1980s six of the top 10 sending countries were from Latin America. In 2008 there were three Guatemala, Colombia and Haiti; by 2013 only one: Colombia. By 2008, Haiti had became a major source for France, Canada, the Netherlands and the USA , peaking in 2010 after the earthquake.

Brazil still sends 3-

500 children a year but most are older or have special needs.

Chile

and El Salvador send less than 100 a

year, compared

to 5,000+

and

2,000+

respectively between 1980 and 1989.

Slide31

Latin America 2003-20132003

20052007201020132000-13GUATEMALA2,6763,8734,854582624,164COLOMBIA1,7501,4721,635

1,82856616,152HAITI

1,049922

7552,489

54611,124

BRAZIL

472

479

485

380

241

4,691

PERU

114

174

171

24

111

1,577

BOLIVIA

274

252

152

73

22

1,564

MEXICO

122

163

181

117

37

1,354

Slide32

The Changing Profile of ICA“Special Needs” adoption is becoming more common and there are a number of other characteristics of international adoptions which have changed alongside the global decline in numbers – older age of children placed and increased number of sibling groups.

Slide33

Age of Children Adopted in Key receiving States 2005-2013

20052009

2013

% over

5

% under

1

% over

5

% under

1

% over

5

% under

1

Italy

47%

6%

58%

7%

53%

5%

France

24%

32%

34%

21%

43%

8%

USA

16%

42%

25%

25%

n/a

n/a

Iceland

6%

17%

29%

6%

n/a

n/a

Australia

8%

47%

9%

37%

19%

22%

Slide34

SPECIAL NEEDS ADOPTIONFor the 2010 Hague Special Commission, states were asked to indicate how many of the children adopted had “special needs”, defined as“those who may be suffering from a behaviour disorder or trauma, physically or mentally disabled, older children (usually above 7 years of age) or are part of a sibling group”There remains a lack of agreement about what exactly the term covers – Italy has ‘speciale’ and ‘

particolare’The issue of special needs adoption is seen as a key topic for this Special Commission

Slide35

Children with special needs- selected sending countries (Hague

) 20052009

2013

CHILE

100%

100%

75%

LATVIA

53%

80%

97%

ALBANIA

59%

66%

n/a

LITHUANIA

30%

71%

71%

CHINA

9%

49%

n/a

Slide36

% of Children Adopted from China with special needs (Hague)

20052007

2009

Sweden

6%

25%

69%

Netherlands

13%

42%

66%

USA

14%

42%

61%

All States

9%

30%

49%

France

6%

13%

34%

Norway

0.1

%

7

%

28%

Spain

0.1%

4%

9%