Paul Dunn Instructor 2005 Road To War Aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles Germany Lost Territory Germany Lost Military Germany was assigned total blame for war Map was redrawn with nine new independent nations ID: 797196
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Slide1
World War II
US History
Paul Dunn Instructor – 2005
Slide2Road To War
Aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany Lost Territory
Germany Lost MilitaryGermany was assigned total blame for warMap was redrawn with nine new independent nations.
Video Clip
Slide3Road to War
Joseph Stalin
Communist leader of Russia
Total gov’t control of all aspects of lifeDid not tolerate dissentGreat purgeKilled an estimated 8-13 million of his own people
Eventual US Ally in the war
Photo
Slide4Road to War
Benito Mussilini
Leader of Italy
Promoted FascismMilitary ruleForced his way into power by threatening civil war to the king of ItalyLed a group of thugs called the “black shirts” (secret police)
Photo
Slide5Road to War
Adolf Hitler
Formed the Nazi Party
Promoted Aryan race as the master raceRelied on hatred and rascimWrote Meine Kampfe (My Struggles)
Seized power through a series of brilliant political and military moves
Slide6Road to War
Emperor Hirohito
Royal leader of Japan
Real control of the country was in the hands of the Military (fascism)Hungry for land and resources – especially oilInvaded Manchuria - a province of China in 1931
Viewed Japan as the rightful ruler of China and Southeast Asia
Slide7The Rise of Nationalism
Nationalism once again pushes the World towards armed conflict.
Slide8Clouds of War
Many regional conflicts erupt – Spain, Ethiopia, Annexation of Austria, Sudetenland
Set the stage for larger conflict
Policy of Appeasement – PM Neville Chamberlain of Great Britain – give Hitler what he wants to avoid war.
Slide9The Axis Powers
Slide10Axis Powers
Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini signed an alliance in 1936 that created the Axis Powers
They thought that the axis of Europe should revolve around Germany and Italy
Japan later joined the Axis Powers in late 1936
Slide11Adolf Hitler
52 min video clip
Slide12Russo-German Non-aggression Pact
Also referred to as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (August 1939)
Agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany where they agreed not to attack each other
Also granted the Soviets control of the Baltic states in the event of warHitler violated this pact when he invaded Russia later in the war
Photo at the signing of the pact
Slide13Russo-German Non-aggression Pact
Video clip
Slide14Fighting Begins
September 1, 1939 Germany Invades Poland
Britain and France immediately declare war on Germany
Germany also occupied Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and attacked Finland and annexed part of its territory
Video clip
Slide15Blitzkreig
Lightning War
Relied heavily on Air Support and long-range bombing to soften up enemy forces.
Used artillery to provide cover.
Used paratroopers to get behind enemy lines to cause problems for enemy supply lines, troop movements, communications and retreat avenues.
Slide16Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg (cont.)
4. The tank was used as a mobile artillery piece to provide troop support
5. Troops moved in armored personal carriers to allow faster movement
Slide17Blitzkrieg
Forced enemies to move rapidly or be overrun.
Required an elaborate system of logistics to keep troops supplied with fuel and ammunition
AutobahnAir drops Troop engineers – built roads, bridges etc. on the fly
Slide18Blitzkrieg
Video clip
Slide19Maginot Line
Series of fortifications, tunnels, forts etc. that was designed and built by the French to buy time for mobilization in the event of German attack.
Slide20Maginot Line
The French did not extend the line of defense to the Ardennes Forest
They thought that it was so dense that no army would be able to move through it
This is where the Germans attacked
Slide21American Isolationism
The American Public was very hesitant to become involved in the conflict in Europe
Neutrality Acts (1935) – forbid the sale of arms and munitions to warring countries
FDR sent arms to aid China in 1937 and there was a public outcry
Slide22Invasion of France
Germany Invades France – May 10
th
1940Paris Falls on June 22nd 1940Invasion route – Though the Ardennes Forest and Belgium into Northern FranceAvoided Maginot Line
Slide23Invasion of France
Mussolini and Italian forces also invade southern France in a coordinated attack of the Axis Powers
Blitzkrieg was used as a battle tactic
French had forces concentrated on the Maginot Line and were out of position to mount effective defense
Slide24Invasion of France
Attack was well coordinated
Rapid advance on 2 Fronts
Pinned the bulk of French TroopsIn the north of France
Slide25Miracle of Dunkirk
Nazi forces cut off the retreat of the French toward Paris and push those forces to the port of Dunkirk
British Navy and Merchant marine evacuated over 350,000 French troops to the British Isles in less than a week
Video clip
Slide26Fall of France
Nazi and Italian forces then marched to Paris and occupied the city and the entire country
French leaders evacuated to England and set of the Vicci government (government in exile)
Slide27Occupied France
Slide28Lend-Lease
Lend Lease Act of 1941
US to become the arsenal of Democracy
Changed our status from Neutral to Non-combatant
Provided arms to all nations that were at war with the axis powers
Eventually produced $50 billion in war goods
Germans began sub warfare on American ships in Atlantic
Military escorts for shipping
Video clip
Video Clip
Slide29Battle of Britain
Following the occupation of France, Hitler turns to England as his next conquest
London Blitz – used carpet bombing to totally destroy London and Britain’s industrial capacity
Royal air force wins the Battle for London and Hitler decides to let England “rot” for a whileIntends to invade the islands at a later date
Invention of Radar helps British win BattleImportance of Lend-Lease
Video clip
Slide30Atlantic Charter
Churchill
and Roosevelt met on USS Augusta - August 1941Agreed to fight Nazi tyrannyPromote democracy throughout the worldEstablish freedom of the High Seas
All Nations must abandon the use of force to resolve conflictCreate a lasting Peace
Basically laid the groundwork for the lasting alliance between the 2 countries
Slide31Path to Infamy
Relations with Japan deteriorate
Oil Embargo
Lend-Lease for ChineseJapan leaves League of Nations
Japan tries to negotiate “peace” while planning attack on American Soil
Slide32Operation
Barbarossa
Slide33Nazi Invasion of Soviet Union
Hitler violates the Russo-Soviet Non-aggression Pact and invades Russia
Hitler wanted the valuable food and oil resources that were available in the Ukraine
Video Clip
Slide34Russian Retreat
Strategic Retreat
Fought fiercely and then pulled back
Had space and distance on their sideCreated long supply lines for the Nazi’sRussian resistance fighters – sabotage
Destroyed anything of use to the Nazi’s as they retreated – *Scorched Earth Policy
Slide35Defense of Stalingrad
Slide36Russian Stand at Stalingrad
Stalin told troops – No more retreat “Not one step backwards”
Soviet Lines held
Slide37Defense of Moscow and Counterattack
Nazi forces reached the outskirts of Moscow
Russian forces held
Counterattacked in December German forces were weak and exhausted1200 miles supply lines were unreliableSoviet forces began to slowly push back the Nazi forces
The march to Berlin had begun
Slide38Russian Counterattack
Slide39Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union
Hitler made numerous mistakes here
Claimed he could conquer Russia in 6 weeks
Underestimated Russian resolve and fighting skillUnderestimated the nastiness of the Russian winter
Thought the Russians were “weak” and “stupid”Added large nation and it’s resources to the “enemy”
Overestimates the ability and strength of his own forces – this trend continues throughout the remainder of the war
Ignores the advice of leading field generals – this trend also continues throughout the remainder of the war
Slide40Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union
Hitler begins to fire generals that are not successful on the battlefield
This trend continues throughout the remainder of the war
Generals eventually withhold battle information and he begins to make decisions on incomplete dataExperienced Generals are replaced by “rookies” that make unnecessary mistakes
Slide41“The Day that will live in Infamy”
Video Clip
Slide42Pearl Harbor
December 7
th
, 1941 Japanese surprise attack on the naval forces located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii19 ships, damaged or sunk3,088 Americans killed in the attack
Slide43Japanese Plan of Attack
Surprise attack
Coordinated attack from air (6 aircraft carriers) and submarines (3-7 mini-subs)
Planned to Attack in 3 wavesPrevent ships from leaving harborBattleship RowDestroy military facilities
Destroy repair facilities and fuel storage
Slide44Japanese plan of attack
Japanese pilots were able to practice for months on almost identical island in Japan
Main target was aircraft carriers, but they were out of Pearl Harbor on maneuvers
Battleships were lined up for maintenance and supplies in a series of docksLarge in-flight of US planes from carriers confused radar operators about attack
Slide45The Attack Begins
Complete surprise
Most troops were either in church or at reveille
All military installations were attacked simultaneouslyUS troops took significant time to mount a defense of the island
Japanese thought that the American Public would not support a war if we sustained heavy lossesUnderestimated American resolve
Video clip
Slide461
st
Wave
Tora, Tora Tora – roughly translated, means total strategic surprise7:55 AM Radar picked up in-flight of planes from the north, but it was ignoredAttack began at approximately 8:05AM at multiple locationsSeries of blunders and coincidences led to heightened confusion and stall the defense of the island
Slide47The Second Wave
Chaos reigns during the hours after attack
Fear that the Japanese would launch ground attack
Island very vulnerable High probability of successThird Wave called off by admiral Yamamoto because he could not locate American Aircraft carriers
Huge mistake by the Japanese Military
Slide48Attack Aftermath
Martial Law
Rule by the military
Retaliation against Japanese who lived and worked on the IslandSalvage and search and rescue operations beginPreparations for the defense against ground attack
Slide49Aftermath of the attack at Pearl Harbor
Slide50Losses at Pearl Harbor
19 Ships including the Arizona and the Oklahoma
14 of those ships were recovered and repaired and fought in the war
92 naval aircraft and 96 Army aircraft were lost – 200+ were damaged2388 men killed, 1778 woundedJapanese lost only 29 planes
Slide51War comes to America
5 million volunteered to serve in armed forces
10 million were drafted
8 week basic training and were then declared ready to fight
Video clip
Slide52War comes to America
250,000 women serve in the armed forces
Pilots
NursesMechanicsTrainersNon – combat deploymentWomen also work in factories by the thousands to produce war goods
Slide53War comes to America
War production was tremendous
800 million tons of merchant shipping
1500 Liberty Ships60,000 tanks45,000 planes20,000 artillery piecesMillions of tons of ammunition
Slide54America Mobilizes for War
Retooling - switching from civilian production to war production
Retrain workers for new and different jobs
Video Clip
Slide55America mobilizes for war
Victory Gardens – citizens were encouraged to grow food to support the war effort
Rationing – From gas to wheat, Americans were forced to do with less
Rationing booksAmericans were encouraged to do without to support the troops
Slide56Propaganda
The spreading of ideas, information or rumor to promote a cause or to detract from an enemy
Dorie Miller – Hero of Pearl Harbor
Slide57Financing the War
War Bonds - $185 billion was raised by the public purchasing war bonds
Fed Gov’t instituted Federal income taxes and for the 1
st time made weekly deductions from employee paychecks
Slide58Technological Advances
Congress created the OSRD – Office of Scientific Research and Development
Overseers of programs that developed the following
Radar – locate enemy planes and bombersSonar – locate submarinesPenicillin – Fight against battlefield infections
Manhattan Project – Atomic Bomb
Video Clip
Slide59Internment Camps
Thousands of Japanese Americans were transferred to internment camps in the American West
Fear of sabotage, and espionage
Families were movedProperty was confiscated without compensationOnly proof was country of origin
Slide60Internment Camps
Slide61Europe First Strategy
Churchill and Roosevelt met and decided that Hitler was the biggest threat
Agreed to defeat him first and then redeploy troops to the pacific to defeat Japan
Video Clip
Slide62Reasons for Europe First
Pacific fleet was heavily damaged
All potential US Allies in the pacific were at war in Europe
SpaceWar infrastructure was already in place in EuropeNecessity of training and material for numerous amphibious assaults
Slide63Battle of the Atlantic
The Allies must first open shipping lanes to Europe
British break the German Code that allowed the allies to anticipate German U-boat attacks
Allowed for buildup for invasion of Europe
Video Clip
Slide64Battle of Midway
1
st
Naval battle where the enemy fleets never saw each otherImportant in that it bought time and severely injured Japanese naval and air strengthPrevented the Japanese from having land-based airfields to attack Hawaii
Video Clip
Slide65Losses at Midway
Japan
4 modern aircraft carriers
2 heavy cruisers3 destroyersNumerous other damaged shipsUS1 carrier - Yorktown
1 heavy destroyer
Slide66Preparation for Invasion of Europe
Troop
buildup and training
Massive transport of material from US to EuropeChoice of a sightSelection of strategy
Preparation of the publicMisinformation campaigns
Propaganda
Slide67War in Africa
American and British troops defeat Rommel’s Africa Corps in Tunisia
Pincer movement – made Rommel fight on 2 fronts
Rommel fleas back to Germany and his Army surrenders to the Allies
Slide68Invasion of Fortress Europe
Massive Scale of the attack
176,000 Troops
5,000 ShipsThousands of PlanesFive Main BeachesUtah (US)
Omaha (US)Juno (Canada)Sword (Britain)Gold (Britain)
Slide69War in Italy
Benito Mussolini was overthrown by the Italian People, but it took 18 months to drive axis forces out of Italy
Patton’s 3
rd Army
Video Clip
Slide70War in the Pacific
Island Hopping
Every island took an amphibious assault that lead to high casualties
Each victory allowed planes to get closer to the island of JapanVery slow process
Slide71Island Hopping
Use air power to cut supply lines
Move slowly closer to Japanese homeland
Soften-up heavily defended island with repeated air strikes
Slide72Code Talkers
Created nearly unbreakable code for secure battlefield communications
Gave US tremendous advantage over Japanese in the ability to communicate freely on open radio channels.
Slide73Battle of the Bulge
Last German offensive of the War
Last ditch effort to stop the Allied advance on the Western Front
Soviets enter Germany from the east and race towards Berlin
Video Clip
Slide74Holocaust
The systematic extermination of Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, mentally ill and homosexuals.
Policy based on prejudice and hate of Hitler for these groups
Master Race
Slide75Victory in Europe
May 7
th
, 1945 V-E DayRussians capture BerlinGerman high command surrendersHitler commits suicideGerman concentration camps are liberated
Evidence of genocide, torture and medical experiments found at the camps.
Video Clip
Slide76Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Islands were necessary to mount invasion of the Japanese home islands
High civilian casualties (up to 100,000)
Suicidal defense of the island
Slide77IWO JIMA
Slide78Kamikazes
“The divine wind.”
Only honor in battle was victory or death
Way of lifeReligious in nature
Slide79Manhattan Project
Japan refused to surrender despite tremendous losses in fire bombing raids and at Okinawa and Iwo Jima
Expected losses to the allies from a full scale invasion of the island of Japan were in the 100,000s
Slide80The Atom Bomb
Enola Gay was the plane that dropped 1
st
A-bomb (Little Boy) over Hiroshima3 days later (Fat Man) was dropped over Nagasaki100,000 plus were killed in the attack or died due to radiation following the attack
Slide81The Atomic Bomb
Slide82Japan Surrenders
Japan surrenders on Sept.2
nd
1945 on board the USS Missouri that was anchored in Tokyo BaySurrender was unconditional
Slide83After the War
50 million dead from the war
300,000 US military deaths
11 million dead from ethnic cleansing (Holocaust and Russian purges)
Slide84Marshall Plan
Series of aid programs that were aimed to help rebuild both Europe and Southeast Asia
Programs focused on humanitarian aid and rebuilding infrastructure
Financed through taxes and long term loans to countries involvedTried to avoid the problems that followed WWI and allowed the rise of Hitler
Slide85New World
Yalta and Potsdam Conferences - meetings by the Allies at the end of the war that shaped how the world would look and be administered following the war
Germany divided into 4 zones – Britain, France, US and USSR all separately administered these zones
Helped lead to the “Cold War”Mistrust and deception between the Allies
New Alliances were created – NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw PactCreation of the United Nations to deal with disputes and distribute aid.
Slide86Occupation of Germany
Slide87Japanese Occupation
General Douglas MacArthur lead the occupation force
Force economic reform
Women’s suffrageGovernment reformsLaid the groundwork for one of the most powerful economic expansions in world history
Slide88MacArthur and Hirohito
Slide89Nuremburg Trials
1
st
time that world leaders were held accountable for their actions during wartimeMany Nazi leaders and Japanese leaders were tried and convicted by the world courtSome were executedMost were imprisoned
Hideki
Tojo
at War Crimes Trial – He was later executed