Bellringer Please answer on your - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Bellringer

Please answer on your

bellringer

sheet:

Replicate the following DNA sequence

AGGTATCAG

Please add questions (at least 2 questions per page) and a summary to your DNA Replication Mutation Notes

3 things you learned

2 things you found interesting

1 question you

still haveSlide2

Learning Targets (write at the top of your notes)

Compare and contrast the structures and functions of DNA and RNA.

Describe

the steps of transcription in synthesizing a protein

.

Explain how mRNA can be modified through the process of splicing.

Describe

the steps of translation in synthesizing a protein.

Describe

the structure of a protein and the functions carried out by proteins in the cell. Slide3

RNA and Protein SynthesisSlide4

The Plan…

How does DNA control cell activities if it can

’

t leave the nucleus?

It sends a messenger! - messenger RNA (mRNA for short)

Remember,

DNA

(which remember DNA makes up your genes) contains

the code for making proteins.

DNA can

’

t leave the nucleus, so RNA has to help out and actually make the proteins on the ribosomes.Slide5

Ribonucleic Acid

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

-

molecule that

controls the production of proteins

for cells.

A strand of RNA is

made of repeating units (monomers) called nucleotides

(like DNA)

What makes up a nucleotide?

Slide6

RNA vs. DNA

Three differences between RNA and DNA:

Single-stranded

Ribose

instead of

Deoxyribose

Uracil

instead of ThymineSlide7

Checkpoint: RNA vs. DNA

Double strand

Deoxyribose

Contains Thymine

Stays in nucleus

Single Strand

Ribose

Contains

Uracil Leaves nucleus

DNARNA

Slide8
Slide9

Types of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

single

, uncoiled

strand

serves as pattern for assembly of amino acids

Transfer RNA (

tRNA

)

carries amino acids to the ribosomesingle strandedRibosomal RNA (rRNA)

globular formmakes up the structure of the ribosome

Slide10
Slide11

Transcription

Process of making mRNA from a single–strand of DNA

.

The nitrogen

bases in RNA

always

bond to their complement on the DNA strand

ADENINE

binds to URACILGUANINE

binds to CYTOSINESlide12
Slide13

Steps in Transcription

The enzyme

RNA polymerase

“

unzips

”

the complementary strands of DNA into two single strands.

RNA nucleotides bond to a single strand of DNAThe finished mRNA is released and the two DNA strands “re-zip

”

Slide14

Steps in Transcription

RNA

DNA

RNA

polymerase

Adenine (DNA and RNA)

Cystosine (DNA and RNA)

Guanine(DNA and RNA)

Thymine (DNA only)

Uracil (RNA only)

Transcription animationSlide15

mRNA Splicing

Enzymes

remove (

cut out

)

introns

because they interrupt the coding sequence

A U G G G C A U U A G C

C

U A

INTRONS INTERRUPT … INTRONS OUT !!!

Exons

are

left behind to be “

expressed

” (translated) as needed proteins

Slide16

Again...

unit of transcription in a DNA strand

exon

intron

mature mRNA transcript

snipped out

snipped out

exon

exon

intron

transcription into pre-mRNASlide17
Slide18

Checkpoint!

Transcribe the DNA strand into RNA:

TAC TCG TCC ATA GGC ATC

AUG AGC UGG UAU CCG UAG

Slide19
Slide20

Protein Synthesis

Bases in mRNA code for the amino acids which will make a functioning protein.

A

group of three sequential bases

on an mRNA strand is a

CODON

.

Slide21

The Genetic Code

There are a possible

64 CODONS

that

code for

20 AMINO ACIDS

and a

START/STOP SIGNAL

.The genetic code is universal among all organisms.

Slide22

The Genetic Code

mRNA strand –

G C A A C G U U G C U A C U G

Amino Acids –

Alanine -

Threonine -

Leucine -

Leucine

-

Leucine

-

First Base

Second Base

U

C

A

G

U

UUU

Phenylalanine

UCU

Serine

UAU

Tyrosine

UGU

Cysteine

UUC

UCC

UAC

UGC

UUA

Leucine

UCA

UAA

Stop

UGA

Stop

UUG

UCG

UAG

UGG

Tryptophan

C

CUU

Leucine

CCU

Proline

CAU

Histidine

CGU

Arginine

CUC

CCC

CAC

CGC

CUA

CCA

CAA

Glutamine

CGA

CUG

CCG

CAG

CGG

A

AUU

Isolecine

ACU

Threonine

AAU

Aspargine

AGU

Serine

AUC

ACC

AAC

AGC

AUA

ACA

AAA

Lysine

AGA

Arginine

AUG

Start & Methionine

ACG

AAG

AGG

G

GUU

Valine

GCU

Alanine

GAU

Aspartic

Acid

GGU

Glycine

GUC

GCC

GAC

GGC

GUA

GCA

GAA

Glutamic Acid

GGA

GUG

GCG

GAG

GGGSlide23
Slide24

Steps in Translation

Process of using RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins

.

mRNA moves out of the nucleus and

attaches to ribosome

.

tRNA

transports amino acids to the ribosome.

Slide25

Steps in TranslationSlide26

Steps in Translation

The

anticodon

on

tRNA

bonds to the complementary codon on mRNA

.

Amino acids form peptide bonds

and form a strand –

a polypeptide.The stop codon on mRNA ends the process and the new protein is released.

Slide27

Steps in Translation

Translation animationSlide28
Slide29

Your Turn!

Be A Ribosome …

Translate your

codons

into amino

acids using the codon chart on the next slide:

A U G C A U A G C C U A

Met

His

Ser

Leu

Protein Synthesis VideoSlide30

Codon ChartSlide31