The Western Gulf Culture The Karankawa Lived on the coast from pd Galveston to Corpus Christi Both hunted and fished for Food and gathered for food as well Nomadic during the winter they lived along the coast fishing and hunting sea turtles and gathering shellfish ID: 686061
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Slide1
Early Native American CivilizationsSlide2
The Western Gulf Culture
The
Karankawa
Lived on the coast from
p.d
.
Galveston to Corpus Christi.
Both hunted and fished for
Food, and gathered for food
as well.
Nomadic: during the winter they lived along the coast, fishing and hunting sea turtles, and gathering shellfish. Also hunted birds eggs and hunted deer and small animals.Slide3
During the spring and summer, the
Karankawa
moved inland and camped near rivers on the coastal prairie.
“I passed the entire summer in this country with them in going everywhere in search of food because they possess no cabins or fields. That is why they travel in this manner the entire summer. The men kill a few deer and a few buffaloes and the women search for wild potatoes.”
French explorer
Simars
de
BellisleSlide4
Hunted with large wooden bows and arrows and fished with bows and arrows and fish traps.
Karankawa
women collected plants, cooked the food, and took care of the camp.
Lived in portable wigwams, or circular huts from bent poles covered with animal skins and reed mats. They could house 7-8 people.Slide5Slide6
Daily life of the
Karankawa
Clothing:
Since life on the coast has hot summers and mild winters, they didn’t need much clothing.
Some wore nothing, some wore a deerskin “breechcloth”, which is worn around the waist.
Women wore skirts of deerskin or grass.
Painted themselves with bright colors
To keep insects away, they rubbed alligator fat and dirt on their skinSlide7
Children:
Treated their children with kindness
Gave them two names: one which was known only to close family members and one that was widely known.
Belived
that a secret name protected them from danger
Because they had never been exposed to European diseases, they quickly fell ill when Europeans arrived.Slide8
Coahuiltecan
South Texas Indians
Hunter-gatherers (too dry to farm)
Nomads. Covered lots of
Territory looking for food: buffalo,
Deer, small
mamals
.
Diets also included ant eggs, lizards, snakes, spiders and worms.
Used small tools and bows and arrows to hunt. Slide9
They didn’t live in permanent houses, they placed skins over bent branches for shelter.
Held festivals and celebrations called
mitotes
Celebrated important events, such as special religious occasions, victory in battle, or a plentiful food supply.
Very similar culture to the
Karankawa
.
Many died when Europeans arrived. Many assimilated into Spanish culture and abandoned their own culture. Slide10Slide11
Southeastern Culture Area
Caddo
Wichita
AtakapaSlide12
Caddo
East Texas Indians
Lived in permanent villages and
Farmed the land. The soil was perfect
for this.
Used crop rotation—a system for growing different crops on the same land over a period of years—to prevent the soil from wearing out.
They also set extra seeds aside for the next years crop and burned forests to provide lands for growing crops.
Grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds, and tobacco.Slide13
Men and women shared the responsibility for farming.
Large population due to the overabundance of food.
Developed a large, complex civilization that was split into three confederacies:
Hasinai
,
Kadohadaco
, Natchitoches.
Built temples and mounds used for religious events (still here)
Matrilineal society.
Clothing similar to “typical” Indians: deerskin and grass clothing. They also painted their bodies.Slide14Slide15
Wichita
West of the Caddo in North Central
Broken into four groups:
Waco,
Taovaya
, Tawakoni, Wichita
Lived along creeks and rivers. Farmers and hunters.
Lived in permanent houses. (p. 77)
Tattooed
their bodies.Slide16
Atakapa
Coastal tribe in between
Karankawa
Also ran into
p.d
. Louisiana
Farmers: grew veggies and corn
Corn was a very important crop. You could do many different things with it, like make flour and dough and popcorn.
Some think they learned to farm from the Caddo.
Also used bows and arrows to hunt game, like small animals and buffalo, and alligators.Slide17
Lived in huts made of brush.
Made pottery and wove baskets.
Similar clothing to other tribes of the Southeastern Culture: animal skin breechcloth and grass skirts.
Tatooed
their faces and bodies.
Same fate as other coastal tribes: European disease killed many and almost none were left.
Today, the
Atakapa-Ishak
nation is stationed in Port Arthur, TX.Slide18
Pueblo Culture
Jumano
West Texas Indians
Descendants of the Pueblo people of Northern New Mexico.
Adobe houses
Moved south around 1000-1200 and crossed into
p.d
. Texas, settling along the Rio Grande River. Grew corn along the riverbed.
Also gathered wild plants for food and hunted buffalo. Slide19
Lived in large villages 10,000 strong
Little cities. They’d build cities around a central plaza, like a town square. 30-40 people lived in one house. Lived in adobe-brick homes and painted the walls.
Some
Jumano
hunters lived as nomads on the plains of W. Texas as well..
Used bows and arrows to hunt.
Wore clothing and shoes made of animal hide, and made jewelry from copper, coral and turquoise.
Tattooed their faces with lines. Hair, pg. 80.Slide20
Troubled times
Traded goods when Spanish arrived. The Spanish brought horses, which the
Jumano
wanted.
Many
Jumano
, like other Indians, died from illness
Early 1500s: a horrible drought in Texas caused hardships for
Jumano
. Many moved away.
Faced attacks by Apache (plains). Many left Texas and joined other Native American groups.Slide21Slide22Slide23
The Plains Tribes
Tonkawa
Apache
Comanche
Kiowa
Indians moved onto the Plains of Texas after the Spanish arrived and brought horses.
Each share many characteristicsSlide24
The Tonkawa
North-Central Texas
Depended on buffalo for everything: food, clothing, shelter.
Lived on the southern edge of buffalo herds
Also gathered for foods: berries, fruits, nuts
Hunted small animals: rabbits, rattlesnakes, skunks
Hair was long and parted in the middle. Both men and women painted their bodies.
Late 1700s: Tonkawa driven from their land by other Plains Indians.
By 1900 the Tonkawa did not exist as a separate Indian group.Slide25
Tonkawas
, 1898Slide26
Apache
Originally from
p.d
. Canada, the Apache migrated to SW United States between 1000 and 1400. Two groups made it to Texas
Lepan
: western edge of the hill country to West Texas
Mescalero: West Texas to New Mexico
Organized into family groups, or bands
Families would travel and hunt together
Hunted buffalo (pg 84)Slide27
Some Lipan Apache farmed
Beans, corn, pumpkins, watermelons. They always moved with the buffalo though
Hair was worn long on one side but short on the other.
Plucked out all their beard and eyebrow hair. Wore earrings and bracelets.
Often raided neighboring Indian tribes for goods
Very non-friendly
Fought with Comanche and Spanish and were driven from Texas.Slide28Slide29
Comanche
Took over a great amount of land in the Plains of Texas.
Lived in bands led by a chief and a war chief.
Very skilled at riding horses. Very wealthy tribe and very skilled at fighting.
Their land was called “
Comancheria
”Slide30Slide31
Kiowa
Last Plains group to arrive in Texas.
Northern Plains (present day panhandle)
Hunted buffalo and gathered berries, fruits and nuts.
Also traded with other Indians.
Became allies with Comanche and controlled “
Comancheria
” with them.Slide32Slide33