Territoriality how Earths surface should be organized States power to control territory shape international policy and other states foreign policy Geopolitics Debra Troxell NBCT ID: 711447
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Political GeographyEvolution of the contemporary political patternTerritoriality – how Earth’s surface should be organizedSlide2
State’s power to control
territory, shape international policy
and other states’ foreign policy
Geopolitics
Debra Troxell, NBCTSlide3
19th Cent. GeoPoliticsColonizationMercantilismImperialismWhite Man’s BurdenManifest DestinyMonroe DoctrineSlide4
Remember
“The White Man’s Burden”
???
Which one do you think is more accurate?Slide5
Alfred T. Mahan – US (1??0-1914) to gain power must control sea lanesSlide6
The German SchoolFriedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) AN ORGANIC STATE“The state resembles a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and, ultimately, decline and death. To prolong its existence, the state requires nourishment, just as an organism needs food. Such nourishment is provided
by the acquisition of territories belonging to less powerful competitors”
-lebensraum. (deBlij 245)
An extreme form of environmental determinismJustified Nazi expansionSlide7
GeoPolitiksKarl Haushofer (1869-1946) Germ.Ideas used by Nazi party for Germany’s theories of race superiority and need for territorial conquest. PromotingA land & sea powerLebensraum (living space)Autarky (economic self-sufficiency)Organic state
His student was Rudolf HessSlide8
Heartland TheoryHalford Mackinder, Jr.(1861-1947) English geographerBelieved the greatest powers would control the land, not the seasThe greatest land would be in Eurasia, “the world island” b/c contains largest landmass and population aka the heartland or the “pivot area”Slide9
Heartland TheoryMackinder warned that “Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland, who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island, who rules the World-Island commands the World.” Fellmann 437Slide10Slide11
Rimland TheoryNicholas Spykman (1894-1943) agreed that Eurasia was the likely base for world domination, but argued that the coastal fringes were the key areas – the Rimland Theory – contains dense population, abundant resources, coastal access, and access to interiorSlide12
Effect US equated the Heartland Theory w/the USSR so adopted containment in reaction to the Domino TheoryCreating alliances in the Rimland: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) in West AsiaSoutheast Treaty Organization (SEATO)Eastern Europe became a shatterbelt or shatter zone during the Cold War – countries located strategically within the spheres of influence of larger, competing countries. Common for countries to have economic problems and political instabilitySlide13Slide14
The contemporary political pattern is a “nation-state”…Slide15
Concepts of political power and territorialityTerritoriality – efforts to control pieces of the earth’s surface for political and social endsPolitical Culture – the collection of political beliefs, values, practices, and institutions that the government is based on Slide16
BoundariesPhysical / Natural BoundariesGeometric BoundariesCultural BoundariesAntecedent Boundaries Malaysia/IndonesiaCanada/US
Consequent Boundaries
Religious Boundaries
between Ireland & N. IrelandLanguage BoundariesSubsequent BoundariesYugoslaviaSuperimposed BoundariesIndonesia/Papua New GuineaSlide17
Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchangeBoundary disputesPositional (definitional) disputesDefining the location of the border1848 – US and MexicoCurrent – Argentina and Chile (Andes Mtns)Territorial disputesIssues of annexation & irredentism
1800s - Texas/Mexico
WWII – Germany/Czechoslovakia
Resource (allocational) disputeFunctional (operational) disputeSlide18
Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchangeBoundary disputesPositional (definitional) disputesTerritorial disputesResource (allocational) disputeInvolve natural resources (minerals, oil, fish) in border areas1990-1991 Persian Gulf WarFunctional (operational) dispute
Disagree over policies that apply in border areas
US/Mexico immigration controlSlide19
BoundariesDefinedDelimitedDemarcatedAdminsteredSlide20
Fortified BoundariesGreen Line – IsraelGreen Line - CyprusGreat Wall of ChinaBerlin WallMorocco/Western Sahara – earth bermsSlide21
5. Electoral GeographyRedistricting & Reapportionment Gerrymander“electoral districts, municipalities”Slide22
Congressional reapportionmentSlide23
If Party A is in control of redistricting…Wasted votes: Party B is a minority in every districtExcess votes: almost all of Party B supporters are in one districtStacked votes: Party A controls the majority of districts, yet Party B controls more than 1 – can result in very strange shaped districts
www.redistrictinggame.org
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“Gerrymandering”
Redistricting for
partisan
purposes; redrawing legislative districts for the purpose of benefitting the party in power, ex NC district 12…Slide25
A famous gerrymanderSlide26
2016: Suggestion based on Federal CourtSlide27
NC Voter registrationSlide28
2052291
ISlide29Slide30Slide31
Change in Electoral Votes
1980
1990
2000
2010
New York
41
33
31
30
NC
13
14
15
15
Florida
17
25
27
28
Texas
26
32
34
37
California
45
54
55
55Slide32
Presidential Elections
2004
2008
2012Slide33
2008 ElectionSlide34
2004 Presidential Election Slide35
2012 Presidential ElectionSlide36
2012 Presidential ElectionSlide37
2012 Presidential ElectionSlide38
2012 Presidential ElectionSlide39
Patterns of local, regional, and metropolitan governance Federalism
Divides power between the central government and “local” governments
allows
strong power to units of local government within the country (the US), gives local people more power and representationcan lead to tension due to regional/local representatives fighting for their own constituentsSlide40
Patterns of local, regional, and metropolitan governance Unitary
places
power in the hands of the
central government officials (Cuba) the local government cannot make its own decisions or repairs, must request and wait for answer from the central government local people have little voiceSlide41
Local & Metropolitan Forms of GovernanceMunicipalities, school districts, regional planning commissions are subnational political units that have varying degrees of local controlSlide42
…Somali woman votingSoviet repression
Catalonia wants independence
the Kurds would like a state