Three major factors are responsible for involvement in crime Genetics Neurotransmitters Neurobiology GENETICS Genetics affects chronic offending specially in property crimes A genotype that confers low level of monoamine oxidase enzyme may predispose an individual to violent or antisocial be ID: 1018802
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1. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CRIME
2. Three major factors are responsible for involvement in crime:GeneticsNeurotransmittersNeurobiology
3. GENETICSGenetics affects chronic offending specially in property crimes.A genotype that confers low level of monoamine oxidase enzyme may predispose an individual to violent or antisocial behavior.However it will happen only when that person has been exposed to childhood abuse.There is evidence for genetic influence on criminal behavior but this influence is complex because of the interaction of inherited characteristics and environment.
4. NeurotransmittersThese are chemicals used by the body to communicate between cells.Serotonin : Low levels leads to anti-social behavior.Norepinephrine : Have moderate effect on criminal behavior.Dopamine: Negligible effectStudies have found link between low serotonin activity and childhood conduct disorders, ASPD and criminal behavior. ( crimes involving impulsivity).
5. Neuro-biologyDeals with structure and function of brain.Neurological damage mediates mechanism which leads to offending.Damage to prefrontal cortex is linked to antisocial behavior. It limits the ability to control impulsive, aggressive feelings, encourages risk taking, rule breaking and results in poor reasoning ability.Damage to structure and function of brain can be associated with antisocial or criminal behavior.
6. Other factors…Mental healthOther sociobiological Factors
7. Other factors…Mental health: Amalgam of biological (genetics and neurology) and social factors (PTSD,abuse)Can have both, direct as well as indirect links to criminality.Other sociobiological Factors
8. Other factors…Mental healthOther sociobiological Factors :Some behaviours (social and individual) are partly inherited and affects behaviour.Early years of a child’s life is crucial for brain development and negative impact such as maltreatment, abuse, neglect can predispose an individual to criminality.
9. Biological Theories of Crime :Sheldon’s Constitutional TheoryJacobs, Brunton, Melville, Brittam and McClemont’s Chromosomal Theory Mark and Ervin’s Dyscontrol Theory
10. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
11. ALBERT BANDURA’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORYExplains how children learn in social environments by observing and then imitating the behaviour of others. Learning could not be fully explained simply through reinforcement, but that the presence of others was also an influence. He noticed that the consequences of an observed behavior often determined whether or not children adopted the behavior themselves.
12. His ExperimentThrough a series of experiments, he watched children as they observed adults attacking Bobo Dolls. When hit, the dolls fell over and then bounced back up again. Then children were then let loose, and imitated the aggressive behavior of the adults. However, when they observed adults acting aggressively and then being punished, Bandura noted that the children were less willing to imitate the aggressive behavior themselves.
13. Bandura’s 4 Principles Of Social Learning