Oilseeds Division DACamp FW Krishi Bhawan New Delhi DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF VEGETABLE OILS Million tonnes YEARS DEMAND CONSUMPTION DOMESTIC AVAILABILITY IMPORT 201213 1982 922 ID: 914929
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Slide1
OIL SEEDS AND VEGETABLE OIL SCENARIO
Oilseeds Division DAC& FW Krishi BhawanNew Delhi
Slide2DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF VEGETABLE OILS
(Million tonnes )YEARSDEMAND /
CONSUMPTION
DOMESTIC AVAILABILITY
IMPORT
2012-13
19.82
9.22
10.60
2013-14
21.17
10.19
10.98
2014-15
23.06
9.21
13.85
2015-16
(Prov)
23.49
8.64
14.85
Source:
Department of Sugar &
Vegetable Oils
Slide3Per capita consumption of vegetable oils
WHO recommendation 18.0 kg per capita /annum National comsumption (1970-71) 4.5 kg per capita / annum National comsumption (2013-14) 17.4 kg per capita / annum
Global consumption (2014-15) 24.0 kg per capita /annum * Source: Agriculture Statistics at a Glance- 2015, DES, DAC & FW
Slide4Year
Quantity
(lakh tonnes)
Value
(Rs. in crore)
2004-05
47.51
11076.89
2005-0642.888960.992006-0742.699539.902007-0849.0310301.092008-0967.1915837.462009-1080.3426483.322010-1169.0529680.402011-1284.4546255.312012-13110.1361106.402013-14109.7644038.042014-15138.5364889.602015-16 (Oct)148.5068630.30
Source: DG, Commercial Intelligence & Statistics
QUANTITY & VALUE OF IMPORTED VEGETABLE OILS
Slide5EXPORT - IMPORT POLICY
Export of edible oil in branded consumer packs of up to 5 kg each permitted from February, 2015.Recently, export of rice bran oil in bulk has been exempted from the prohibition on export of edible oils from August, 2015. There are no quantitative restrictions on import of vegetable edible oils.
Import duty on edible grade crude palm oil has been reduced from 12.5% to 7.5% and from 20% to 15% on refined edible grade palm oil w.e.f. 23.09.2016.
Slide6COMMODITY WISE SHARE IN EDIBLE OIL CONSUMPTION: 2014-15
SourceAvailability
Import
Total
% share
Primary
sources (Qty. in lakh qtls.)
Soybean
16.6029.8346.4319R & M19.473.5423.0110Sunflower1.4315.4216.857Groundnut17.02015.086Castor & Linseed7.9507.393Sesame, Safflower & Niger3.0703.021Secondary sources (Qty. in lakh qtls.)Palm oil1.7197.0998.8041Cotton seed oil12.15012.155Rice bran9.2009.204Others9.4009.404Total A+B98.00145.88241.63100Source: Department of Sugar & Vegetable Oils
Slide7MAJOR EXPORTING AND IMPORTING NATIONS
CommodityImport
(000 MT; Rs crore)
Export
(000 MT; Rs crore)
2014-15
Quantity
Value
QuantityvalueNiger Seeds0.703.7318.04108.23Sesame Seed--375.664717.77Groundnut0.130.49708.394675.38Other Oilseeds51.35163.10247.541135.36Vegetable Oil (Edible)11547.6059094.3341.56579.54Castor Oil0.051.81546.504710.18Source: DES, DAC&FW
Slide8EXPORT FROM OILSEEDS SECTOR :2014-15
CommodityQty.
(lakh tonnes)
Value
(Rs.
in crores)
Oil meal
39.04
8128.60Groundnut(HPS )*7.084675.38Castor oil5.464710.18Sesame seeds3.764717.77Niger seeds0.18108.23Others2.891714.90Total58.4124055.06*HPS: Hand Picked SelectionSource: DG, Commercial Intelligence & Statistics
Slide9TOP 10 OILSEED PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Major Oilseed producing countriesOilseeds producedProduction (lakh tonnes)
% share
USA
Soybean, Ground nut,
Sunflower, Rapeseed
1125.25
24
BRAZILSoybean, Ground nut871.6418ARGENTINA Soybean, Ground nut545.6411CHINASoybean, Ground nut, Sunflower, Rapeseed , Castor419.649INDIASoybean, Ground nut, Sesame, Rapeseed –Mustard, Castor267.946CANADARapeseed, Soybean216.044UKRAINESoybean, Sunflower, Rapeseed 123.323RUSSIAN FED.Sunflower90.342PARAGUAYSoybean99.752FRANCESunflower, Rapeseed70.821OTHERS929.5720
Slide10NATIONAL SCENARIO OF OILSEEDS
Year
Area
( lakh ha)
Production
( lakh tonnes)
Yield
(kg /ha)
1950-51107.3051.604811960-61137.7069.805071970-71166.4096.305791980-81176.0093.705321990-91241.50186.107712000-01227.70184.408102010-11272.20324.8211932011-12263.10297.9911332012-13264.84309.4311682013-14285.25327.4911532014-15257.26275.1110372015-16 261.86252.519892016-17( 3rd adv) 266.33325.961261Source: DES, DAC&FW
Slide11CROP WISE CONTRIBUTION
( Avg. 2011-16)Crops Area (lakh ha)Production (lakh tonnes)
Yield (kg/ha)
%
s
hare in prod.
Soybean
110.37
115.37104539R &M60.8571.18117024Groundnut49.8071.02142624Sesame17.907.784343Sunflower6.614.59695<2Niger2.900.90309<1Safflower 1.801.02567<1Castor *12.0019.2116017Linseed*2.921.45496<1All India265.14292.511103100Source: DES, DAC & FW (* Non-edible)
Slide12STATE WISE CONTRIBUTION (Avg.2011-16)
StatesArea (lakh ha)
Production
(lakh tonnes)
Yield
(kg/ha)
%
Share (in prod.)Madhya Pradesh73.3662.4485125Rajasthan48.3557.11118123Gujarat25.5841.02160316Maharashtra41.9323.755669West Bengal7.949.3711814Tamil Nadu4.129.1922304Andhra Pradesh9.148.739553Karnataka13.318.676513Uttar Pradesh12.928.636583Haryana5.288.4916083Telangana4.494.9611052Others14.9210.687165Total (DES)261.43253.04968100
Slide13MAJOR
OILSEED - SOYBEAN1. Soybean (36%)
States
Area
(lakh ha)
Production
(lakh tonnes)
Yield
(kg/ha)Madhya Pradesh57.9765.041121Maharastra31.7939.871254Rajasthan9.3111.721259Other states5.896.491102All India104.96123.131173Average of last five years
Slide14MAJOR OILSEED - GROUNDNUT
2. Groundnut (29%)States
Area (lakh ha)Production
(lakh tonnes
)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Gujarat
16.8827.031601A.P13.9211.31812Karnataka7.315.58763Tamil Nadu3.739.182461Other states11.8416.941431All India53.6970.041304World (2012)246.25412.61676Average of last five years
Slide15MAJOR
OILSEED – R&M3. Rapeseed & Mustard (23%)
States
Area
(lakh ha)
Production
(lakh tonnes)
Yield
(kg/ha)Rajasthan 28.8135.871245M.P7.848.791121Haryana5.308.761652U.P6.367.461173Other states14.5813.87951All India62.8974.761189Average of last five years
Slide16MSP OF OILSEED CROPS
Crops
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
Groundnut
15502100210023002700Soybean (Y)10501390139014401690Soybean (B)9101350135014001650R&M18001830183018502500Sesame15802750285029003400Safflower16501650168018002500Sunflower15102215221523502800Niger1240240524052450
2900
Source: CACP, DAC&FW
(
Rs./q)
Slide17MSP OF OILSEED CROPS
Crops
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
Groundnut370040004000403041204250Soybean (Y)22402560256026002675-Soybean (B)220025002500-2675 2850R&M30003050310033503600-Sesame420045004600470048005200Safflower28003000305033003600-Sunflower370037003750
3800
3850
4000
Niger
3500
3500
3600
3650
3725
3950
Source: CACP, DAC&FW
(
Rs./q)
Slide18MAJOR CONSTRAINTS IN YIELD IMPROVEMENT
Continued dependence on rainfed production system leading to larger fluctuation in area and yield with larger variation in groundnut.Agro-climatic limitations like adaptability of mustard under saline soil / low water areas of >4 million ha; groundnut under low rainfall / drought prone areas of >2 million ha and soybean under upland black cotton soils of >10 million ha.
Farmers’ priority to cereals under irrigated condition due to assured buy back.
Availability of cheaper imported vegetable oil with admissible blending depressing domestic markets of oilseeds leading to area stagnation.
Lack of assured procurement of oilseeds.
Slide19OIL SEEDS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND THEIR IMPACT
PLAN PERIODSCHEME
Avg.Prodn.(Million tonnes)
YIELD
(Kg/ha)
V
& VI
(1974-85)
IODP11.42621VII-IX (1985-02)TMOP19.48825X (2004-12)ISOPOM23.33918XI (2007-12)ISOPOM28.331081XII(2012-17)ISOPOM / NMOOP30.011129XII(2014-15)NMOOP27.511054XII (2015-16)NMOOP25.25968XII2016-2017NMOOP33.601261
Slide20VISION FOR OILSEEDS PRODUCTION
Qty in million tonnes
Oilseeds
Highest production 2016-17
Short term 2021-22
Medium term 2026-27
Long term 2030-31
Soybean
141.2516.5018.5020.00Groundnut84.7210.7511.2512.00Mustard79.129.7511.2512.00Sesame8.211.101.351.50Others *22.664.004.505.00Total335.9642.1046.8550.50* Includes sunflower, safflower, niger, linseed and castor.
Slide21National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
Oilseeds DivisionDAC & FWKrishi Bhawan, New Delhi
Slide22BACKGROUND OF NMOOP
PeriodProgrammeVII –
IX Plan (1985-2003)
Technology Mission on
Oilseeds & Oil Palm) (TMOP)
X - XI Plan (2004-2013)
Integrated Scheme
on Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm & Maize (
ISOPOM)Oil Palm Area Expansion (OPAE)Tree Borne Oilseeds (NOVOD) XII Plan (2014-2017)National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
Slide23STRATEGIES OF THE MISSION
Increasing SRR with varietal replacement.Increasing availability of quality planting material of oil palm.Promotion of new varieties through minikits/ FLDs.Area expansion under irrigated oilseeds.Diversification of area from low yielding cereals and use of rice-fallows.
Intercropping of oilseeds with pulses / cereals.Enhancing procurement of oilseeds.
Slide24Slide25STATES AND AGENCIES
Mini Mission (MM)States / Agencies
MM-I (Oilseeds)
All States
except Kerala, Goa, Mizoram and Sikkim
Agencies:
NSC, HIL, KRIBHCO, IFFDC, NAFED, SFAC, ICAR institutions including SAUs, KVKs and ICRISAT
MM-II
(Oil Palm)AP, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, TN, Telangana, Ar. Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and NagalandMM-III(TBOs)Chhattisgarh, MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, TN, UP, Ar. Pradesh, J&K, Mizoram, Tripura, ICAR institutions including SAUs and IIT Delhi
Slide26NMOOP STRUCTURE
Executive Committee (EC) headed by Hon’ble AM with Secretary, DAC&FW; Secretary, DARE & DG, ICAR; FA, DAC&FW; Agriculture Commissioner; Joint Secretaries of Environment & Forests, Food & PDS, Tribal Affairs; Rep. - Niti Ayog and Joint Secretary (OS) as Member Secretary (Policy Making Body). Standing Committee
(SC) headed by Secretary, DAC& FW; FA, DAC&FW; Agriculture Commissioner; ADG (O&P), ADG (AF), ICAR; Directors, IIOR and IIOPR and Joint Secretary (OS) as Member Secretary – Approval of Action Plans.
Mission Management Committee (MMC)
headed by Joint Secretary (Oilseeds) – Monitoring and approval for inter-
componental
changes.
Slide27CROPS COVERED UNDER NMOOP
Mini Mission (MM)Crops
MM-IEdible:
Soybean
, Groundnut, Rapeseed-Mustard,
Sesame,
Sunflower,
Safflower, Niger
Non-Edible: Linseed and CastorMM-IIOil PalmMM-IIIEdible: Olive,Simarouba, Cheura, okum, Mahua Non-Edible: Neem,Karanja,Tung, Jojoba, Wild apricot, Jatropha
Slide28FRONTIER TECHNOLOGIES
Ridge-furrow / Broad-bed-furrow technologies in soybean and groundnut Line sowing in mustardSprinkler irrigation in groundnut and rapeseed-mustard Use of drip irrigation and hybrid in castorApplication of gypsum in groundnut
Intercropping groundnut and soybean with arhar
Slide29STRATEGIES FOR OIL SEEDS
Increasing SRR with varietal replacement Promotion of new varieties through minikits / FLDs Area expansion under protective irrigationArea expansion through diversification of low yielding cereals, use of rice fallows and inter cropping
Enhancing procurement of oilseeds
Slide30KEY INTERVENTIONS
Production of foundation/certified seed> 8 lakh qtlDistribution of > 14.0 lakh seed minikits of less than 10 year old varieties of oil seeds including 6.4 lakh minikits of < 5 year old varieties of mustardDistribution of > 2.6 lakh
qtl certified seed
Demonstration of improved technologies- 2.75 lakh ha
Supply of farm machineries (> 24,000) and drip / sprinkler (30,000)
National
kisan
melas (5) / exhibitions (3) and farmers' training
Slide31NEW INITIATIVES FOR OILSEEDS
Involvement of large number of KVKs (423) of ICAR for improvement of productivity of oilseedsEnhancement of subsidy on water carrying pipes from Rs.25/- per mtr
. to Rs.50/- per mEnhancement of seed subsidy
from Rs. 1200/- per
qtl
. to Rs. 2500/- per
qtl
. for varieties of oilseeds except sesame, from Rs. 1200/- per
qtl. to Rs. 2500/- per qtl. for varieties of sesame and from Rs. 2500/- per qtl. to Rs. 5000/- per qtl. for hybrid seedsAdditional coverage of 19 lakh ha rice fallow area under a sub scheme of RKVY during rabi 2016-17 Relaxation of age limit of varieties from 10 to 15 years excluding FLDs.
Slide32ALLOCATION AND EXPENDITURE UNDER NMOOP
Year CCEA
Note
BE
RE
Expenditure
% of RE
2012-13
403.02584.50405.17402.8399.422013-14507.00507.00560.27558.1499.612014-15777.03433.00333.00318.9795.782015-16861.41353.00272.03305.80112.002016-17958.54500.00376.00327.50 81.89(Rs. in crore)
Slide33WAY FORWARD
Larger support for protective irrigation and mechanization Strengthening seed chain for promotion of newly released variety / hybridsSupport for Targeting of rice fallow areas in eastern states.
Assured procurement support with competitive prices over food grain to encourage diversification of areasProcessing support both for oilseeds and oil palm in new non traditional areas.
Slide34Component
2014-152015-16
2016-17
Achievement
Achievement
Achievement
Breeder Seed
3077.642819.63698.56Foundation Seed7643.607698.23-Certified Seed122420.72174698.08-Distribution of Certified Seed70886.1910232.4033437.40Breeder Seed, Foundation Seed , Certified Seed Production during 2014-15 TO 2016-17
Slide35Zone
No. of KVKs
No.
of FLDs
Area (in ha)
Achievement of FLDs
Zone-I
8
400160400Zone-II69862534508411Zone-III37367514702843Zone-IV38255010201576Zone-V2217406961238Zone-VI42345013802984Zone-VII65574022965069Zone-VIII1819957981584Total299281751127024105FLDs by KVKs Rabi during 2015-16
Slide36Zone
Total FLD by GOI
FLD
Kharif-2016
FLD achievement by ATARIs
FLD target for
rabi
/summer 2016-17
Zone-I20254502841575Zone-II129752970295410005Zone-III38509008732950Zone-IV3525123510852290Zone-V5550285017932700Zone-VI5775277522923000Zone-VII13125590042797225Zone-VIII4840230013152540Total51665193801487532285*FLDs by KVKs during Kharif
/ Rabi
&
Summer during 2016-17
Slide37Crops
FLDs
Training
2014-15 (Kharif+Rabi/Summer)
Target
Achievement
Training
Achievement
Groundnut7956702012Soybean70070022Rapeseed-Mustard5005002016Sesame4904901210Sunflower 600600Safflower600600Castor500500Linseed500500Niger220220Farming System*10085STCR Technologies**10050Total510549155440FLDs by ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad 2014-15
Slide38Crops
FLDs
Training
2015-16 (Kharif+Rabi/Summer)
Target
Achievement
Training
Achievement
Groundnut**9277602424Soybean1100110055Rapeseed-Mustard50050054Sesame***8006802018Sunflower 450450Safflower568568Castor400400Niger200129Linseed (AICRP)50050055Farming System*10010044Total554551876360* Project Directorate on Farming System, Modipuram (PDFSR) (Soybean, Sunflower, R&M)** 200 FLD additional and 4 training in ICAR-DGR, Junagadh*** 300 FLD additional (ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad)FLDs by ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad 2015-16
Slide39Crops
FLDsTraining
2016-17 (Kharif+ Rabi /Summer)
Target
Achievement ***
Training
Achievement ***
Groundnut
6756252012Soybean1100110055Rapeseed-Mustard18001800102Sesame**155085094Sunflower 7007002015Safflower755755Castor200200Niger2002005Linseed (AICRP)90090052Farming System (PDFSR)*10012552Total798072557942* Project Directorate on Farming System, Modipuram (PDFSR) (Soybean, Sunflower, R&M)** 700 FLD additional & 4 Training (ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad)*** Tentative achievement of kharif-2016 & rabi/summer-2016-17FLDs by ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad 2016-17
Slide40DISTRIBUTION OF SEED MINIKITS (KHARIF- 2016)
CropIndent by States
Varieties supplied under Minikits kharif -
2016
No. of Minikits
Groundnut
20
State
ICGV-91114,K-9,ICGV-00350,TG-38,K-Harithanda,TG-51,K-665,190Soybean14 StateJS-9560, JS-9752, JS-2029, JS-2034, RVS-2001-4, RKS-24, PS-1225, PS-1347265500Sesame 12 StateRT-346, RT-351111700Castor2 StatesGCH-7 (Hy)40000Total482390
Slide41DISTRIBUTION OF SEED MINIKITS (RABI- 2016-17)
CropIndent by States
Varieties supplied under Minikits Rabi –
2016-17
No. of Minikits
Groundnut
9 State
ICGV-91114,K-9,ICGV-00035,TG-51,K-9,
K-6, TG-51,K-131967300Sunflower 7 StateDRSF-113, KBSH-44, KBSH-53537Safflower 2 StatePBNS-40,PBNS-122400Mustard 15 stateJD-6,RGN-236,PM-26,NRCHB-101,PM-45,PM-27,PM-30,PM-26,CS-54,RH-0406,RVM-2,RH-0749,PM-21,Pusa,Tarak, RGN-76, RGN-145,RGN,229,NRCDR-2,Narender Tara,CS-56,PM-25, PM-29, Giriraj, Pitambari, PM-281105903Total1176140
Slide42DISTRIBUTION OF SEED MINIKITS (SUMMER- 2016-17)
CropIndent by States
Varieties supplied under Minikits Rabi –
2016-17
No. of Minikits
Groundnut
9 State
ICGV-91114,K-9,ICGV-00350,
K-6, Dharani18000Sesame5 State RT-351, RT-346, GT-34700Total22700
Slide43YEAR WISE MINIKITS DISTRIBUTTION (No)
YEARKHARIF
RABI
SUMMER
TOTAL
Minikits Distribution (No.)
Minikits Distribution (No.)
Minikits Distribution (No.)
Minikits Distribution (No.)2014-15160833610359289698001612015-1622139710127851869012528722016-173631911045359139531422503
Slide44RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R & D) PROJECTS UNDER NMOOP
Sl.No
Name of R&D Project and Institute
Year
Sanctioned
Release
Mini Mission –I (Oilseeds)
1.
Productivity enhancement of rapeseed –mustard crops through technology implementation and their refinement under farmers' field conditions in the state of Uttarkhand –GBPUA& T , Panthnagar 2015-1617.8313.372016-1717.8313.37Total 35.6626.742Fast Tracking release of high oleic Groundnut varieties and promoting their Adoption by Farmers for Enhanced production and quality of Groundnut Oil (Phase-II) –ICRISAT-Hyderabad 2015-1638.2928.722016-1725.6423.58Total 63.9352.30
Slide45RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R & D) PROJECTS UNDER NMOOP
Sl.No
Name of R&D Project and Institute
Year
Sanctioned
Release
Mini Mission –I (Oilseeds)
3.Block demonstration and training of raised bed technique of soybean cultivation –IGKV, Raipur 2015-1618.2713.702016-1712.399.29Total30.6622.994.Bridging the production gaps in potential districts of sunflower and sesame through dynamic technology transfer –ICAR-IIOR,Hyderabad 2015-1631.1118.662016-1726.3718.01Total 57.4836.67
Slide46RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R & D) PROJECTS UNDER NMOOP
Sl.No
Name of R&D Project and Institute
Year
Sanctioned
Release
Mini Mission –I (Oilseeds)
5“ Mechanism of Brassica Production Systems”-ICAR- DRMR, Bharatpur, Rajasthan 2015-16--2016-17(3 yrs)5.004.50Total 5.004.50
Slide47RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R & D) PROJECTS UNDER NMOOP
Sl.No
Name of R&D Project and Institute
Year
Sanctioned
Release
Mini Mission –III (TBOs)
1.
Promotion of Cheura and Wild Apricot through plantation and trainings in Kumaun region of Uttarakhand – Kumaun University, Nainital 2015-165.564.172016-176.855.22578Total 12.419.395782.Integrated development of Jatropha, Karanja & Mahua –ICAR-CAFRI , Jhansi 2015-169.096.672016-177.525.15Total 16.6111.82
Slide48RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R & D) PROJECTS UNDER NMOOP
Sl.No
Name of R&D Project and Institute
Year
Sanctioned
Release
Mini Mission –III (TBOs)
3.
Evaluation of different genotypes of wild apricot for oil yield under temperate conditions of Kashmir Valley –SKUAST , Srinagar 2015-165.472.752016-175.474.00Total 10.946.754.Evaluation & upscaling of Karanja & Simarouba-CRIDA, Hyderabad (AP) 2015-16--2016-1710.065.03Total 10.065.03
Slide49RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R & D) PROJECTS UNDER NMOOP
Sl.No
Name of R&D Project and Institute
Year
Sanctioned
Release
Mini Mission –III (TBOs)
5.
“Design and development of low cost post harvest equipments for Simarouba Seeds”-CRDT, IIT Delhi 2015-16--2016-175.814.35Total 5.814.35
Slide50Frontier Technologies (Oilseeds)
Sprinkler in Groundnut
Intercropping groundnut +Arhar
BBF in Soybean
Line sowing in Mustard
Inter-cropping Soybean + Arhar
Slide51OIL PALM SCENARIO
Slide52CROP DESCRIPTION
Scientific Name: Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm)
Elaeis oleifera (American oil palm)
Economic Cropping Period : 25-30 years
First Harvest : After 4 years
Yield of FFBs/ha/Yr. : 15-30 tonnes
Sources of Oil
:
(i) Mesocarp : (4-6 tons CPO/ha/annum)(ii) Kernel : (0.4-0.6 tons) CPKO/ha/annum)
Slide53CLIMATE AND SOILS
Rainfall- 150 mm per month or 2500-4000 mm per annum.Temperature- Max. 29-33O
C and Min. 22-24O C
Humidity
- > 80%
Soil
- Loamy Alluvial Soils rich in organic matter. Avoid highly alkaline, highly saline, water
loged
and coastal sandy soils.Irrigation- 150-200 ltr. of water per day
Slide54USES OF PALM OIL
Food Products
Non Food Products
Cooking Oil, Dough fat, Vanaspati
Bio fuel and Bio lubricants
Vegetable Ghee
Cosmetic products/Aromatherapy
Margarine
Pharmaceuticals products Salad Oil Toiletries,detergents including soaps & soap blendsChocolate/Ice-cream/ Frying fats, Speciality fats for coatingsEstersCocoa Butter substitutesOleo chemicals, Fatty acids & Fatty alcohols
Slide55MAJOR OIL PALM GROWING COUNTRIES
(Area- Million ha, Production- Million Tonne, Yield- Metric Tonne/ha)
S.
No.
Countries
2014-15
Share in World
Production (%)
AreaProductionYield1.Indonesia7.43126.6817.0546.022.Malaysia4.6996.0720.4834.903.Nigeria3.037.962.622.894.Thailand 0.6812.4318.174.525.Colombia0.275.5320.752.016.Ecuador0.273.4712.751.267.Papua New Guinea0.162.1613.870.788.Brazil0.131.3911.010.50
9.
World
18.75
275.30
14.68
100.00
Sources: FAO Statics
Slide56MAJOR PALM OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Palm Oil Production (million MT)
Countries
2012
2013
2014
Share in World (%)
Indonesia
26.0126.9029.2850.87Malaysia18.7819.2219.6734.17Nigeria0.940.880.911.58Thailand 1.781.971.853.21Colombia0.971.041.111.93Ecuador0.320.320.330.57Papua New Guinea0.480.490.500.87Brazil0.310.340.370.64World52.8754.6557.56100.00 Sources: FAO Statistics
Slide57Slide58OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN INDIA
Commercial plantation at Thodupuza, Kerala in 40 ha (1960)Systematic plantation in Kerala in 1971 and Andaman & Nicobar islands in 1973Oil Palm India Limited (OPIL) est. 1977
OPDP started 1992-93 under TMOP
Under ISOPOM from 2004-05 to 2013-14
OPAE a sub scheme of RKVY from 2011-12 to 2013-14
NMOOP since 2014-15
Slide59SUPPORT UNDER VARIOUS SCHEMES
Period
Programme
VIII-
IX Plan
(1992-2003)
OPDP under Technology Mission on
Oilseeds & Oil Palm (TMOP)
X-XI Plan (2004-2013)Integrated Scheme on Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm & Maize (ISOPOM)Oil Palm Area Expansion (OPAE)XII Plan (2012-2017)National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
Slide60Strength:Oil palm gives highest oil yield per unit area (4-5 t oils /ha).
Could reduce dependence on import of edible oil
Provides regular and assured income to farmers
Less vulnerable to pests and diseases
Limited scope for area expansion under oilseed crops
Identified Potential area of more than 1.93 million ha.
Potential for several by-products.
Sufficient R & D Support & network of ICARSufficient availability of planting materialsSupport available under MM II (Oil Palm) of NMOOPOIL PALM CULTIVATION IN INDIA
Slide61High
initial capital investment
Demands continuous irrigation
Long gestation period (4-5 Years).
Short shelf life of FFBs
Influence of import
on FFBs price
Land availabilityOIL PALM CULTIVATION IN INDIA Weakness:
Slide62OIL PALM POTENTIAL STATES
StatePotential Area (ha)
Andhra Pradesh
469500
Karnataka
260000
Tamil Nadu
205000
Gujarat260250Maharastra180000Chattishgarh48000Kerala6500Odisha56000Bihar 200000West Bengal25000Total 17,10,250
Slide63OTHER POTENTIAL NE STATES / UT
NE States & OthersPotential Area (ha)
Mizoram
61000
Assam
25000
Arunachal Pradesh
25000
Tripura7000Meghalaya50000Nagaland50000Goa2000Andaman & NI3000TOTAL223000
Slide64STATE WISE AREA AND PRODUCTION OF FFBs AND CPO (2015-16
)
State
Area coverage
(ha)
FFBs Production
(in MT)
CPO Production
(in MT) Andhra Pradesh 1,50,53011,44,0921,93,562Telangana 16,23963,50811,289Karnataka 41,43114,7402,538Tamil Nadu 29,5107,8101,222Gujarat5,0545230Goa9533,217581Odisha18,4844,569618Tripura53000Assam57000Kerala5,76940,6117,016Maharashtra1,47400Mizoram25,7413,753432Chhattisgarh216200Arunachal Pradesh33000Andaman & Nicobar1,5930
0
Nagaland
140
0
0
Total
3,00,510
12,82,823
2,17,258
Slide65STATES AND AGENCIES
Out of 20 states following 12 are implementing the programme-States:AndhraPradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, TamilNadu, Telangana, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram and Nagaland
Agencies: Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR), Pedavegi, Andhra Pradesh
Slide66STATE-WISE DISTRICTS COVERED
S. NoState
No. of Districts
Name. of District
1.
Andhra Pradesh
8
East Godavari, Krishna, Nellore, Srikakulam,
Vishakapatnam, Vizianagaram, West Godavari and Ananatapur 2.Telangana4Nalgonda, Bhadradri, Suryapet and Khammam3Chattisgarh11Kanker, Mahasammund, Dantewada, Jagadalpur, Sukma, Durg, Balod, Raigarh, Janjgir Champa, Bilaspur and Korba4.Goa2North Goa, South Goa5.Gujarat11Anand, Tapi, Narmada, Bharuch, Panchmahel, Kheda, Navasari, Surat, Vadodara, Valsad and Chotha Udepur6.Karnataka23Belagaum, Uttar Kannada, Davangere, Haveri, Bellary , Gadag, Koppal, Raichur, chamarajnagar, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya, Mysore, Chikmagalur, Shimoga, Bagalkote, Bijapur, Gulbarga7.Kerala9Trivandrum, Kollam, Alappuzha, Pathanamihitta, Kottaym, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Malappuram and Wyanadu8.Mizoram7Aizwal, Kolasib, Lawngtlai, Lunglei, Mamit, Saiha and Serchhip9.Odisha15Dhenkanal, Gajapati, Ganjam, Jajpur, Mayurbhanja, Balasore, Boudh, Cuttack, Nawrangpur, Koraput, Nayagarh, Rayagada, Sonepur, Bargarh and Bhadrak, 10.Tamil Nadu26 Trichy, Karur, Cuddalore, Peramabalur, Thanjavur, Theni, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Tirunelveli, Vellore, Villupuram, Pudukottai, Aryalur, Dindugal, Virudhnagar, Sivagangai, Kancheepuram, Triuvallur, Tiruvannamalai, Salem, Namakkal, Dharampuri, Krishnagiri, Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode11.Nagaland6Dimapur, Peren, Mokokchung, Wokha, Mon and Longleng12.Assam3Kamrup, Goalpara and Bongaigaon13.Arunachal Pradesh8Lohit, Changlang, Tirap, Lower Dibang Valley, East Siang, West Siang, L/Subansri and Papum Pare & East KamengTotal133
Slide67STRATEGIES
Augmenting availability of planting materials, establishment of new seed gardenSupport for maintenance during gestation period and intercropping
Enhancing irrigation through Drip,Pump
-set, bore well, water harvesting structure
Support for Oil Palm processing units for NE /Hilly/LW states
Demonstration of oil Palm in farmers fields
Capacity building of field functionaries/extension workers & farmers /input dealers
Support for need based for research on project basis
Slide68PROGRESS DURING XII
TH FIVE YEAR PLANYear
Name of Scheme
Oil Palm Area Expansion
(ha)
Amount (Rs. in lakh)
Target
Achievement
AllocationRelease2012-13ISOPOM & OPAE499322630022705.746412.622013-14ISOPOM & OPAE413472318319776.1911849.092014-15NMOOP28146171437290.584112.472015-16NMOOP27337144256683.803823.492016-17*NMOOP30061133488038.684241.57Total1768239439964494.9930439.24* Upto January, 2017
Slide69DOMESTIC COST OF FFBs (2010)
Initial cost Ist Year
2nd
Year
3
rd
Year
Total
Annuity valueJuvenile period (JP): 1-3 Yrs.1038271273529903433021312230Infrastructure Development (ID)Bore well, motors, pumps, transformer, micro irrigation, farm shed, fencing, implements etc 35964014652Cost of Cultivation 4th YearYield of FFBsCost of FFBsStabilizing period :4-8 Yrs (adding Annuity value of JP)12712212.38 t/ha10268Stabilizing period :4-8 Yrs (adding annuity value of JP & ID)14177412.38 t/ha11451Stabilized period: 9-30 years (adding annuity value of JP)13741619.81 t/ha6936Stabilized period: 9-30 years (adding annuity value of JP & ID)15206819.81 t/ha7676Source : IIOPR - ICAR, Pedavegi(Rs/ha)
Slide70FFBs PRICE FIXING MECHANISM
13.54 % of net crude palm oil (CPO) weighted average price, based upon 18 % Oil Extraction Ratio (OER), plus 75.25 % on 9 % recovery of palm kernel nuts weighted average price. This is based on estimated cost of cultivation at 75.25 percent in the total cost of production of CPO from farm level to factory level.
OER would be determined as per actual oil content extracted in the past by the processing industry.
Import duty should be triggered at US$ 800/MT
.
Slide71Sl
. No.Month
FFB
Price Rs. per MT
Nov.,13 to Oct., 14
Nov., 14 to Oct., 15
Nov. 15 to Oct., 16
1November 7900.006598.005733.002December 7951.006370.005647.003January 7824.006803.005837.004February 7926.006557.006129.005March8441.006595.006963.006April8267.006421.007586.007May7938.006473.007839.008June 7510.006601.007494.009July 7472.006240.007250.0010August 7071.005722.007792.0011September 6424.005352.008434.0012October
6589.00
5731.00
8142.00
Sl. No
.
Month
CPO
Price Rs. per MT
Nov.,13 to Oct., 14
Nov., 14 to Oct., 15
Nov. 15 to Aug, 16
1
November
55565.61
44234.94
39048.37
2
December
55467.65
42509.60
38407.21
3
January
53926.65
45793.79
39865.27
4
February
54240.23
43931.27
41509.73
5
March
58105.48
44213.04
46897.42
6
April
56514.67
42949.71
51682.16
7
May
53994.90
43340.55
52406.80
8
June
52020.27
44262.69
50392.63
9
July
51984.57
42757.48
48065.52
10
August
48380.47
38974.07
51259.98
11
September
45191.89
36161.06
12
October
45061.47
38495.04
PRICES OF CPO AND FFB FOR THE OIL YEAR (NOV TO OCTOBER)
Slide72DOMESTIC & INTERNATIONAL PRICES OF CPO
Year
Domestic
International
Differences
2012
52250
51633
2898201353256482402715201447819490521462201540524385153013(Rs./MT)
Slide73LESSONS LEARNT FROM EXPOSURE VISIT TO MALAYSIA
Indian delegation lead by Joint Secretary (Oilseeds) visited Malaysia 22-25 August, 2016. Observations include-Adoption of high density plantation;
Import of high yielding genotypes (Calix, Guthini etc.);Exchange of germplasm; and
Improvement of nursery rather than depending on import.
Slide74INITIATIVES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
A proposal submitted to Ministry of Finance on 13.02.2017 for imposing a cess of 0.5% on import of crude palm oil (CPO) and refined bleached deodorized palmolein (RBDPL) for creation of ‘Edible Oil Development Fund’ (EODF).A Cabinet Note on “Measures to increase oil palm area and production in India” approved by Cabinet Secretariat for relaxation of land ceiling limit for oil palm cultivation and revision of norms of assistance under Mini Mission-II of NMOOP.
A study on feasibility of oil palm cultivation in four districts of Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) of Assam undertaken by Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research (IIOPR), Pedavegi.
In order to protect the farmers from distress, Govt. of India is implementing the Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) for providing financial support to the oil palm growers.
A study has been assigned
to Dte. of E&S for assessment of performance of indigenous and imported seedling in three major oil palm growing States viz, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
100% FDI has also allowed for oil palm crop through automatic route. The benefits of 100% FDI in oil palm would be possible only after declaration of oil palm as a plantation crop. In this regard, a letter has been written to all Chief Ministers of the concerned states in the month of January, 2016.
Slide75PROCESSING MILLS IN DIFFERENT STATES Sl. No.
Name of the Unit
Sector
Processing capacity
(in tonnes per hr)
Andhra Pradesh
1
APOILFED, Pedavegi-West GodavariA.P. Govt. Subsidiary Unit152M/s. Radhika Veg. Oil Pvt. Ltd., Garividi-Vijaya NagaramPvt.103M/s. RSIL, Ampapuram-Krishna Distt.Pvt.404Simhapuri Agro Products Ltd., Manubrola-NellorePvt.Under Construction5M/s. Godrej Oil Palm ltd., Pothepalli-West Godavari Distt.Pvt.406M/s. Godrej Agrovet, Oil Palm ltd., ChintampalliPvt.307M/s. RSIL, Peddapuram-East Godavari Distt.Pvt.308M/s. Nav Bharat Agro Products, Jangareddygudem-West Godavari Distt.Pvt.3093F Oil Palm Agrotech Pvt. Ltd. Yernagudem Village Devarapalli Mandal West Godawari Distt.Pvt.3010M/s. Agro Co-operative Corporation, Butchiyyapeta (M), Vishakhapattnam Dist.Pvt.511M/s Sri Srinivasa Palm Oil Mill, Srikakulam dist.Pvt.512M/s Subrahmanyeswara Agro Products, Siripalli Ainavilli Mandal, East GodavariPvt.513M/s Lakshmi Balaji Oils, Tekarandi (V), Vizianagram dist.Pvt.Under ConstructionTotal240
Slide76PROCESSING MILLS IN DIFFERENT STATES (CONTD
)Telangana
14
A.P. Oilfed (Khammam District)
A.P. Govt. Subsidiary Unit
10
Total
10
Karnataka15M/s. Bhadravathi Balaji Oil Palm Ltd. (BBOP Ltd.), ShimogaJoint Venture of State & M/s. B.B.O.P.Ltd.1016Govt. Oil Palm Processing mill, Kabini, Mysore. Leased to M/s Ruchi Soya industries Ltd.State Government (leased to M/s. Ruchi Soya industries Ltd.)117M/s. Simhapuri Agri Tech Company Pvt. Ltd., DavangerePvt.518M/s. 3F Oil Palm Agrotech., KoppalPvt.5Total21Tamil Nadu19M/s. Godrej Agro Ltd., Varanasi, Ariyalur dist.Pvt. 2.5Total 2.5Kerala20OPIL, Yerror Estate, KallamPublic Sector 20Total 20
Slide77PROCESSING MILLS IN DIFFERENT STATES (CONTD
)Andaman & Nicobar
21
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
State Government
4
Total
4
Gujarat22Shri Kalyan Agri. Crops Sales & Processing Coop. Society Ltd., NavasariCooperative Sector2.5*Total2.5Goa23M/s. Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Ponda, GoaPvt.2.5*Total2.5Odisha24M/s Lakshmi Balaji Oil Mills (P) Ltd. Attada, RayagadaPvt.5Total5Mizoram25M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd. Kolasib Dist.Pvt.526M/s Ruchi Soya Industry Ltd.,Pvt.To be established27M/s 3F Oil palm Agrotech.Pvt.To be establishedTotal 5Grand Total312.50* expending up to 5 tones
Slide78OIL PALM SEED GARDENS
Location of the seed garden
Year
of planting
Sprout production (in Lakh)
Potential
Present level
(2013-14)
Scope for enhancementSeed GardenIndian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi (A.P.)20006.03.12.92. Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research-Research Centre, Palode, (Kerala)19828.03.14.93. M/s. Navabharath Private Ltd., Lakshmipuram (A.P.)19906.03.82.24. Department of Horticulture, Rajahmundry (A.P.)199210.04.75.35. Oil Palm India Limited, Thodupuzha (Kerala)199411.06.05.06. Department of Horticulture, Taraka, (Karnataka)19948.03.74.3Total49.024.424.6Morumpudi, Department of Horticulture, Rajahmundry (A.P.)20125.0*New-2. Gopannapalem, Department of Horticulture, Rajahmundry (A.P.)20145.0**New-3. Taraka (Taraka-II), Department of Horticulture, Taraka, Karnataka 20125.0*New-4. Kabini, Department of Horticulture, Taraka, Karnataka20128.0*New-Total23.0* Expected year of initiation of seed production-2020** Expected year of initiation of seed production-2020
Slide79AVAILABILITY OF IMPORTED/DOMESTIC SPROUTS AND AREA COVERAGE
Types of Sprouts
Number of sprouts (lakh) and area coverage (ha)
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
Total
Imported26.0034.0070.5040.20170.70Domestic8.4616.2220.3224.4057.24Area Covered17,92528,38826,30022,94895,561
Slide80FOCUS ON NORTH-EASTERN STATES
An area of 2.23 lakh ha has been identified potential for Oil Palm cultivation by Dr. Rethinam Committee in NE states.All NE States are covered under NMOOP for Oil Palm cultivation. Presently, four states namely Mizoram, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland are implementing the programme.In the state of Mizoram, more than 27,000 ha area has been achieved under Oil Palm cultivation.
One Oil Palm processing mill has been established by M/s Godrej Agrovet Ltd. and now in operation.
Special provisions have been made for NE/Hilly states for construction of roads from Oil Palm fields to nearest FFBs collection/processing centers and establishment of Oil Palm processing mills.
Interventions of MM-II are being shared in the ratio of 90:10 between Central and State Government.
******
Slide81TREE BORNE OILSEEDS (TBOs) SCENARIO
Wild Apricot
Jojoba
Cheura
Olive
Karanja
Jatropha
Simarouba
Neem
Slide82Name
Botanical Name
Oil/fat (%)
Distribution
Uses
Neem
Azadirachta
indica20 (DF)All IndiaMedicinalKaranjaPongamia pinnata27-39(Kernal-K)A.P., Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, M.P., Maharashtra, T.N., U.P.Lubricant, Illumination, Industrial etc.JatrophaJatropha curcas30-40(Seed-S)All IndiaLubricant, Illumination, Industrial etc.JojobaSimmondsia chinensis50 (S)Rajasthan, Gujarat, HaryanaLubricant, Adhesive, Cosmetics,Pharmaceuticals etc.Wild ApricotPrunus armeniaca45-50(K)J&K, H.P., UttarakhandMedicinal, Cosmetics etc. TBOs- AN INTRODUCTION
Slide83Name
Botanical Name
Oil/fat (%)
Distribution
Uses
Tung
Aleurites
fordii
50-60 (S)Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, BengalLubricant, Illumination, Industrial MedicinalSimaroubaSimarouba glauca45-50 (K)A.P., Karnataka, Confectionary, Cocoa-butter substitute etc.KokumGarcinia indica33-44 (K)Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala Confectionary, Cocoa-butter substitute etc.CheuraDiploknema butyracea50 (K)Uttarakhand Confectionary, Vanaspati, Cocoa-butter substitute etc.OliveOlea europaea20-30 (S)Rajasthan, J&K, UttarakhandMedicinal, Coocking etc.MahuaMadhuca indica35 (S)A.P., Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, M.P., Maharashtra, T.N., Orissa, U.P.Flowers for liquor, vinegar, oil for soap, glycerine, lubricating grease etc.TBOs- AN INTRODUCTION (contd)
Slide84CROPS / STATES COVERED UNDER NMOOP
Crops: Karnaja, Neem, Jatropha, Wild Apricot, Simarouba, Kokum, Tung, Mahua, Jojoba, Cheura and Olive (11 TBOs).States: Arunachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha
,
Rajasthan,
Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, (Out of 28 States following 12 states have been covered ).Promotion of TBOs under MM-III for vegetable oil production.
Slide85Mini Mission III: TARGET & STRATEGIES
Target: To enhance seed collection of TBOs from 9 lakh tonnes to 14 lakh tonnes
for edible and industrial uses
Strategies
:
Mission
is supporting expansion of cultivation of TBOs in watersheds and wastelands;
increasing
availability of quality planting materials;enhancing procurement, collection & processing inter cropping during gestation period, training of farmers/extension workers Funding Pattern: In bigger States in the ratio of 60:40 (Centre:State) and 90:10 (NE states & Hill area) between the Central and State Governments, except R & D projects and TRIFED which are 100%.
Slide86RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT (R&D) ON TBOs
R&D programme on TBOs was implemented by National Oilseeds & Vegetable Oils Development (NOVOD) Boards from 2004-05 to 2014-15.Support is being provided for need based R&D projects under MM-III of NMOOP from 2015-16 onwards on 100% funding basis .
Slide87R&D PROJECTS ON TBOs UNDER MM-III (2015-17)
S.No. R&D Centre TBOs Outlay (Rs. Lakhs) ICAR-CAFRI, Jatropha, 16.61 Jhansi Karanja & (2yrs)
Mahua SKUAS&T, Wild Apricot 10.94
Srinagar (2yrs)
KU, Nainital Wild Apricot & 12.41 Cheura (2yrs)
Slide88R&D projects on TBOs under MM-III (2015-17)
S.No. R&D Centre TBOs Outlay (Rs. Lakhs)4 ICAR-CRIDA, Karanja & 10.08 Hyderabad Simarouba (1yr)5 II
T, Delhi PHT on 5.81 Simarouba (1 yr)
Slide89TARGETS FOR 2016-17
TBOsStates
Plantation Target (Ha)
Neem
M.P., Rajasthan,
T.N., Tripura, U.P.
888
Karanja
Maharashtra, M.P., Rajasthan., T. N. 471MahuaMaharashtra, M.P., Raj., U.P.452OliveChhattisgarh, J&K, Mizoram, Rajasthan595KokumMaharashtra250Wild ApricotJ&K45TungArunachal Pradesh36 JojobaRajasthan50 Total2787
Slide90NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TBOS
KEY RECOMMENDATIONSOrganized at ICAR-CAFRI, Jhansi on October 15-16,2015Exposure visits of extension functionaries and farmers of MM-III implementing states to ROCL, Rajasthan for replication in other TBOs.Identification of potential TBOs and their appropriate areas/districts/blocks in potential states.
Organize TBO specific brain storming sessions in potential states.Active involvement of other line Deptts viz. Horticulture, Forestry, Rural Development etc.
Assured procurement with incentives/MSP.
Support for model nursery, multi-species plantation, bund plantation etc.
******
Slide91SOYBEAN
Slide92BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family :Leguminoceae Sub-family :
Papilionoideae
:
Fabaceae
Common Name
: Soybean Scientific Name : Glycine max-Linn Origin: Domestication of soybean has been traced to the eastern half of North China in the eleventh century B.C. or perhaps a bit earlier. Soybean production was localized in China until after the Chinese-Japanese war of 1894-95.
Slide93SEASON AND CLIMATE
Two cropping seasons of soybean kharif and spring.It is a self pollinated crop.
In case of kharif
season most common time of sowing is onset of monsoon or last week of June to first week of July while spring sowing is done between 15th of February and 15th of March.
Soybean has been adopted under wide range of climate and soil with better performance under
Vertisols
with good organic content.
The crop requires about 60-65 cm annual rainfall. Drought at flowering or just before flowering results in flower and pod drops, while rains during maturity impairs the grain quality of soybean.
Slide94CROP DESCRIPTION
Despite being rich source of protein, it is categorized as an oilseed rather than a pulse crop.Oil content varies from 15 to 21 % in soybean seeds.Crop generally reaches a height of around 1 m (3.3 ft).Capable of transforming nearly 60-100 kg atmospheric nitrogen into 30-40 kg nitrogen in the soil.
Slide95GLOBAL SCENARIO OF SOYBEAN
(2013-2016)Country
Avg. Area (lakh ha)
Avg. Production (lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield (Kg/ha)
USA
324.01
1010.74
3119 Brazil310.22 918.00 2959 Argentina194.30 558.35 2874 China68.33 120.83 1768India*114.92 103.27 899Paraguay32.0087.452733 Canada20.8758.292794 Ukraine17.6435.352004Uruguay11.7728.302405Russia17.3822.351286Others54.2498.321813World1164.843030.622602Source: FAO/USDA. *As per the estimates of DES, DAC&FW
Slide96NATIONAL SOYBEAN SCENARIO
(2013-16)State
Avg. Area (lakh ha)
Avg. Production (lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield (Kg/ha)
MP
59.32
54.99
927 Maharashtra37.05 31.14 840Rajasthan11.02 9.76 886 Telangana2.42 2.56 1058 Karnataka 2.412.12880 Others3.583.56993All India114.92103.27899
Slide97AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS OF SOYBEAN IN INDIA
Slide98POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (60) OF SOYBEAN
StatePotential district (>50,000 ha area)
Madhya Pradesh
(30)
Ujjain,
Sehore
,
Dewas, Dhar, Shajapur, Sagar, Vidisha, Harda, Indore, Rajgarh, Chhindwara, Betul, Mandsaur,Hoshangabad, Guna, Ratlam, Raisen, Bhopal, Narsingpur, Shivpuri, Seoni, Neemuch, Khandwa, Ashoknagar, Damoh, Tikamgarh, Jhabua, Khargone, Satna, ChhatarpurMaharashtra (20)Amravati, Nagpur, Latur, Buldhana, Yavatmal, Nanded, Washim, Hingoli, Akola, Wardha, Kolhapur, Sangli, Chandrapur, Parbhani, Satara, Ahemdnagar, Jalna, Beed, OsmanabadRajasthan (5)Jhalawar, Baran, Pratapgadh, Kota, BundiChhattisgarh (1)RajnandgaonKarnataka(2)Belgaum, BidarTelangana (2)Adilabad, Nizamabad
Slide99STATE WISE YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs
( IN KHARIF )State
SAY
(kg/
ha)
FLD – Kharif-2013 (kg/ha)
Yield Gap
(%)
Varieties used in FLD during Kharif 2013MP831134762JS-95-60, JS-97-52, JS-93-05, MACS-1188, MACS-1281, NRC-7, , NRC-37, NRC-86, JS-335Maharashtra1349221364MAUS-81, MAUS-61-2, MACS-450, MACS-1188, MACS-1281, KDS-344, RKS-18, JS-335,Rajasthan829146977RKS-45, JS-95-60, JS-335, JS-93-05Mean1003166165
Slide100POPULAR VARIETIES OF SOYBEAN
S.No.State
Varieties
1
MP
JS-95-60, JS-97-52, JS-93-05, JS-335, MACS-1188,
MACS-1281, NRC-7, NRC-37, NRC-86
2
MaharashtraMAUS-81, MAUS-61-2, MACS-450,MACS-1188, MACS-1281, JS-335, KDS-344, RKS-183RajasthanRKS-45, JS-335, JS-93-05, JS-95-604KarnatakaMAUS-2, RKS-18, DSb-1, DSb-21, JS-93-05, JS-3355Telangana JS-335
Slide101PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Moist alluvial / vertisols are best. Deep ploughing in summer to expose insect/pests to sunlight.Use of well de-composed FYM - 5-10 tonnes/ha. Recommended doses of fertilizers @ 20: 40: 40:30 Kg N: P: K: S / ha.
Optimum sowing time is mid of June subject to availability of moisture/rainfall.
Optimum seed rate of 75 Kg/ha for small seeded varieties and 100 Kg/ha for bold seeded varieties.
Adoption of varietal cafeteria approach rather than monoculture for risk management.
Slide102PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Seed treatment with Rhizobium / PSB and Carbendazim/ Thiram/ Thiamethoxam. Application of pre-emergence weedicides followed by inter-culture operations.Adoption of Broad-Bed-Furrow/Ridge-Furrow System for effective water management.Inter-cropping of soybean with arhar for risk management.
Slide103PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Insect Pests:Use of resistant varieties: Stem-fly : JS 335, PK 262, NRC 12, MACS 124Defoliators
: NRC 7, NRC 37, JS 80-21, Pusa 16, Pusa 20, Pusa 24, PS 564, PK 472
Girdle Beetle
: JS 71-05
Soybean Rust
:
JS 80-21, PK 1029, PK 1024, Indira Soya 9
Collar-Rot: PK 262, PK 416, PK 472, PK 1042, NRC 37, Myrothecium Leaf Spot: Brag, JS 71-05 Bacterial Pustule: PK 416, PK 472, PS 564, BragYellow Mosaic : PK 416, PK 472, PS 564, PK 1024, PK 1029, PS 1042, PS 1092, SL 295
Slide104PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
For the control of Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) disease, spray of methyl dematon 25EC @ 0.8 l/ha or Thiomethoxam 25WG @ 100 g/ha is recommended for the control of vectors.
One spray of microbial pesticides (
Dipel
/
Biobit
/Dispel) followed by spray of chemical insecticide after 15 days for the control of defoliators.In rust prone areas, prophylactic sprays of Hexaconazol, Propiconazol, Triadimefon @ 0.8 kg/ha is recommended.For the management of foliar diseases two sprays of Carbendazim or Thiophenate methyl @ 0.5 kg/ha at 35 and 50 days after sowings.
Slide105MSP Vs MARKETING PRICE
State/MSP
Avg. Price of November and December
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
MSP (Rs. / qtl.)25602560260026002675MP3300302534623200-Maharashtra3233312633003605-Rajasthan3470313833972800-
Slide106EXPORTS / DEMAND
(Quantity in tonnes and value Rs. in crores)
Products
2013-14
2014-15
Qty
Value
Qty
ValueDe-oiled Cake423541314438.9516304615568.74Soybean oil4575.274634.36Soya sauce5353.785963.21Soya milk2391.89510.50Total423664414449.891631571.045576.81
Slide107NUTRITIVE VALUE
Chemical composition of soybean seed which includes about 20% oil and 40% protein.The soybean contain very little of starch (4.66-7%) and quite a lot of Hemicellulose and
Pectins.
Protein of soybean products characterized much quantity lysine (2.56), Tryptophan (0.52),
Isoleucine
,
Valine
and
Threonine (1.54) however sulphuric amino acids are less than in protein of rape products.Number of Nutraceutical compounds such as Isoflavons, Tocopherol and lecithin has made it one of the most valuable agronomic crops in the world.
Slide108ACTIONABLE POINTS
Development of resistant varieties for Yellow Mosaic Virus. Development of short duration varieties for dry land areasVarieties with low linolenic fatty-acid to improve the shelf life of soybean oil.Varieties with less beany flavours and Lipoxygenase (enzyme) lacking varieties (Kyushu-III-Japan) for increasing domestic consumption of Protein Rich Soya Foods.
Varieties with bold pods/seeds for use as vegetable.
Technology for safe storage and transport of soybean seed without loss of seed viability.
******
Slide109RAPESEED AND MUSTARD
Slide110BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family : Cruciferae
Common Name :
Mohari
,
Tikkya
, Serson Scientific Name : Brassica juncea Origin : EuropeIndia occupies the first position both in area and production of rape seed and mustard
Slide111SEASON AND CLIMATE
The crops are of the tropical as well as temperate zones and require relatively cool temperature. Mustard could be successfully grown under wide range of soils including saline/alkaline, low irrigated and paddy fallows in Eastern India.An average day and night temperature of 250 C is considered optimum. From August end to first half of September is best for sowing of toria, 25
th September to 15
th
October for
sarson
, 30
th
September to 15th October for mustard. Soil and climate The rapeseed and mustard thrive well on light to heavy loam soils. Sarson grows well in light loam while raya can be grown in drier regions too. Raya, however, does well in medium and high rainfall areas. Time of sowing Sarson & Raya is Last week of September to end of October.
Slide112CROP DESCRIPTION
Rapeseed comprising toria, brown sarson and yellow sarson are largely cross pollinated where as Indian mustard is largely self pollinated.Out of these cultivars Indian mustard fits well in rainfed areas and accounts for >75% of the total area under R&M
Toria, a short duration crop is grown as a catch crop in
tarai
part of UP, Haryana, Assam and Odisha.
Other cultivars like brown
sarson
and yellow
sarson are under cultivation over a limited area in the Eastern part of the country.Gobhi sarson is under cultivation over a limited areas in HP, J&K and Punjab under Irrigated ecologies.Oil contents varies from 31 to 46 % in seeds of R&M.
Slide113GLOBAL SCENARIO:2013-15
CountryAvg. Area (lakh ha)
Avg. Production (lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield (Kg/ha)
Canada
80.42
167.55
2083
China70.36 130.29 1852France14.7149.473363 Germany14.3160.16 4205 Poland9.3729.773179 UK 6.9622.943296 India62.20 70.951141Australia29.97 39.871330Russia10.8614.291316Ukraine9.3222.752442WORLD367.73725.091972
Slide114NATIONAL SCENARIO:2013-16
StateAvg. Area (lakh ha)
Avg. Production (lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield (Kg/ha)
Rajasthan
27.01
33.20
1229
Haryana 5.137.951551MP6.977.541081UP6.276.401021WB4.534.891079Gujarat2.193.641665Assam2.761.69610Others5.814.72812All India60.6770.031154
Slide115AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS
Slide116POTENTIAL DISTRICTS
StatePotential district (>50,000 ha area)
Rajasthan (16)
Alwar,
Ganganagar
, Bharatpur,
Tonk
,
S.Madhopur, Hanumangadh, Jaipur, Baran, Kota, Karoli, Jhunjhunu, Dausa, Dholpur, Jalore, Jodhpur, JhalawarHaryana (04)Bhiwani, Mahender Garh, Rewari, HisarMadhya Pradesh (3)Bhind, Morena, MandsaurUttar Pradesh (1) Agra West Bengal (2)Murshidabad, Nadia,
Slide117SCOPE FOR YIELD IMPROVEMENT
StateSAY
FLD
Yield Gap
(%)
Varieties used in
FLD during Rabi 2013-14
Gujarat
1723249945GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, GM-4Haryana1639226438RH-0749, R-8812MP1108147233RVM-2Rajasthan1233190755NRCDR-2. NRCHB-101, RGN-73, RGN-229, RGN-236UP1113194375NRCDR-2, NRCHB-101West Bengal1066126118PitambariAll India1314189144
Slide118POPULAR VARIETIES
Sl.NoState
Varieties
1
Rajasthan
NRCDR-2. NRCHB-101, RGN-73, RGN-229, RGN-236,
Pusa Jai Kisan, Pusa Bold,
Swarna
Jyoti2HaryanaRH-0749, R-8812, RH-30, Laxmi, Jyoti3MPRVM-2, Pusa Bold, Swarn Jyoti, JM-2, Vasundhra 4UPNRCDR-2, NRCHB-101, Pitambari, Maya, Urvashi, Ashirwad, Pusa Jai Kisan5GujaratGM-1, GM-2, GM-3, GM-46West BengalPitambari, Sarma, JD-6, B-9, Pusa Bold
Slide119PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
An average temperature of 250 C is optimum for sowing of Mustard (Mid of October) and toria (August to mid of September)Basal application of 40 kg N per ha for rainfed and 40-80 kg of N per ha under irrigated situations.
Line sowing with P-P 10-15 cm and R-R distance of 30 cm.
Seed treatment with Apron SD 35 @ 6 g/kg of seed for White Rust and Downy Mildew endemic areas.
For other diseases, seed treatment with Carbendazim, Thiram or
Captan
@ 2 g/kg of seed.
Use of ridge & furrow technique in saline areas.
Thinning is necessary after three weeks of sowingProtective irrigation at flowering and pod formation.
Slide120PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Insect Pest
Insect
/ Pest
Period of Occurrence
Crop stages
Mustard
Aphid (
Lipaphis erysimi)December-MarchVegetative / flowering and pod formationPainted Bug (Bagrada hilaris)August – OctoberVegetativeMustard Sawfly (Athalia proxima)October-DecemberVegetativeWhite rust (Albugo candida)NovemberFebruary-MarchVegetativeReproductiveAlternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria brassicae)February-MarchThroughout crop growthPowdery Mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum)February-MarchReproductive
Slide121PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Insects PestsDeep ploughing during peak summer season.Seeds treatment with
Carbedazim 0.1%/
Thiophanate
Methyl /Imidacloprid @ 5g/kg of seeds.
Clean cultivation with regular weeding till flowering.
Spray of systemic insecticides viz.
Monocrotophos
, Oxydemeton Methyl etc., may be done as per recommended doses for control of aphid. Drainage of excess water from the field for control of painted bug.Application of ridomil MZ 72 WP @ 3g/l for control of white rust.Spray of Mancozeb 50 WP @ 2g/l after 50 and 70 days of sowing , if severity of Alternaria of >3%. Dusting of Sulphur @ 1.5 kg/ha or spray of Sulfex 2 g/l for control of Powdery Mildew disease.
Slide122MSP/ VS MARKETING PRICES
State/MSPAvg. Price of November and December
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
MSP (Rs. / qtl.)
3050
310033503600Haryana3090295533753355MP3050341231543240Rajasthan3038280036003371UP3100338035504400West Bengal3500336333754500
Slide123EXPORTS / DEMAND
(Quantity in tonnes and value Rs. in crores)
Products
2013-14
2014-15
Qty
Value
Qty
ValueMustard seeds38524143.5331816115.18Mustard powder205110.1419889.26Mustard oil*225227.70237828.27Oil Cake128296219.7085060144.45Total171123401.07121242297.16Source: Oilseeds statistics – A compendium – 2015 from ICAR- IIOR
Slide124NUTRITIVE VALUE
Mustard oil contains 0.30-0.35% essential oil (Allyl-Iso-Thiocynate) which acts as preservative.Mustard oil is a good source of Omega-3 (MUFA) and other fatty acids like
lenoleic and alpha
lenoleic
acid respectively in good proportion close to 10:1, rarely found any other oil.
Indian Mustard oil has been under consumption since ancient time both for edible and medicinal purposes
Slide125RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Development of short duration varieties of mustard for Eastern Regions particularly for rice fallow areas. Technology for control of broomrape (Orobanche) emerging as a major parasitic weed. Development of canola type of high yielding varieties of Indian mustard.
Slide126ACTIONABLE POINTS
Development of short duration varieties of mustard for rice fallow areas. Development of canola type of high yielding varieties of Indian mustard.Technology for control of broomrape (Orobanche). Impact of imported cheaper vegetable oil and its blending with edible oils.Climate resilient bonus for protection of >4.0 million farmers of Rajasthan, Haryana (SW), Gujarat & UP.
Assured buy-back of mustard based on oil content.
Involvement of oil mills on the line of sugar mills in cultivation of R&M.
******
Slide127GROUNDNUT
Slide128BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family :Leguminoceae/(Fabaceae)
Sub-family :
Papilionoideae
Common Name:
Groundnut
Scientific
Name: Arachis hypogaea L Origin: Northern Argentina and South Bolivia and Brazil in which majority of the species are found. Bolivia has the second largest number of species followed by Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay.
Slide129SEASON AND CLIMATE
Warm and moist conditions are highly congenial for groundnut cultivation. Temperature, light intensity, rainfall and humidity significantly influence the productivity of groundnut.Optimum temperature of 25-35 °C is required for good germination, flowering and pod formation.
Sandy-loam soils rich in organic matter is considered best for the crop.
Sowing time of
kharif
groundnut is June to July subject to onset of monsoon and
rabi
groundnut is November as well as summer groundnut February to March
Slide130CROP DESCRIPTION
Arachis species belongs to family Leguminoceae (Fabaceae) sub-family
Papilionoideae
Flowers borne on axils of leaves on branches
Self-pollinated with some cross pollination (0-6% ) by bees
Elongated gynophores develop into pods
Pods contain 2-5 seeds/kernel
Virginia / runner types are spreading in nature and suitable for rainfed condition
Valencia / Spanish types are erect in nature and more suitable for irrigated conditionsOil contents varies from 42 to 55 % of kernel/seeds
Slide131GLOBAL SCENARIO (2013-16)
CountryAvg. Area (lakh ha)
Avg. Production (lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield (Kg/ha)
China
46.27
166.33
3595
India*49.45 79.61 1610 Nigeria25.43 31.37 1233USA5.30 23.21 4376 Sudan18.64 15.32822Myanmar8.9013.781549Indonesia5.9011.431939 Senegal9.308.17878Niger7.473.43460Cameroon4.446.091370Others66.3659.65899World247.47418.391691Source: FAO/USDA. *As per the estimates of DES, DAC&FW
Slide132NATIONAL SCENARIO (2013-16)
StateAvg. Area
(lakh ha)
Avg. Production (lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield (Kg/ha)
Gujarat
15.51
31.66
2041 AP10.65 9.44 886 Rajasthan4.94 9.92 2009 Tamil Nadu3.449.01 2618 Karnataka6.34 5.38850MP2.253.471538Maharashtra2.672.921096Others 3.355.001492All India49.1576.801563
Slide133AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD TRENDS
Slide134AREA PRODUCTION AND YIELD KHARIF & AND RABI / SUMMER
StatesArea (Lakh ha)
Prod.
(Lakh tonnes)
Yield (Kg/ha)
Kharif 2015
Rabi/ summer 2015-16
Kharif 2015
Rabi/ summer 2015-16Kharif 2015Rabi/ summer 2015-16AP6.820.935.982.048772194Gujarat13.550.5922.411.1716541983Karnataka4.101.812.732.126661171Maharashtra1.860.541.810.569731037Tamil Nadu2.111.404.764.0622502900Telangana0.131.140.211.8516151623West Bengal0.030.820.021.989602415Others*9.330.3915.480.5216591333All India37.937.6253.4014.3014081877*Includes major Kharif groundnut States of Rajasthan and MP.
Slide135POTENTIAL DISTRICTS
StatePotential district (>50,000 ha area)
AP
(04)
Anantpur
,
Chittoor
, Kurnool, YSR KadapaGujarat (08)Junagadh, Jamnagar, Rajkot, Amreli, Bhavangar, Porbandar, Kutch, SabarkanthaKarnataka (07)Chitradurga, Tumkur, Gadag, Bijapur, Belgaum, Bellary, KoppalMaharashtra (02)Kolhapur, SataraRajasthan (02)Bikaner, JaipurTamil Nadu (03)Thiruvanamalai, Viluppuram, VelloreTelangana (01)Mahbubnagar
Slide136STATE WISE YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs (IN KHARIF)
StateSAY
FLD – Kharif-2013
Yield Gap
(%)
Varieties used in
FLD during Kharif 2013
AP
892172293K-6, DharaniGujarat27161873-45GJG-9, GJG-17, GJG-22Karnataka863166092Chintamani-2, TPG-39, JSP-39, Dh-36, GPBD-5Maharashtra1248241794AK-303, TGK-Bold, Phule Unnati, JL-501, Phule-6021, TAG-24, KDG-128Rajasthan1992293147TAG-24, MallikaWest Bengal9171982116TAG-24, TG-51All India1764202115K-6, Dharani
Slide137STATE WISE YIELD GAP IN RABI/SUMMER
StateSAY
FLD
Yield Gap
(%)
Varieties used in
FLD during Rabi 2012-13
AP
1906278746Kadari-6, Kadari-9, Harithandra, Dharani, TCGS-1043, Anantha Gujarat2013253526GJG-31, TG-37-A, Karnataka7602851275GPGD-5, GPGD-4, Dh-216, Kadari-9, Dh-101, TGLPS-3, Chintamani-2Maharashtra1455227256JL-501, TPG-41, Phule-6021, TKG-BoldRajasthan12582593106TG-37-ATamil Nadu29982130-40VRI (Gn)-6, West Bengal2585319023TG-24, TG-51All India1812265446
Slide138POPULAR VARIETIES
S.No.
State
Varieties
1
AP
K-6,K-9,
TMV-2, TAG-24,
Narayani, Dharani, ICGV-91114, Anantha, TCGS-10432GujaratGG-20, GG-11, GG-2, TAG-24, TG-37-A, TG-38, GAUG-10, GJG-9, GJG-17, GJG-22, GJG-313KarnatakaTMV-2, GPBD-4, GPBD-5, K-6, TG-37-A, TAG-24, Chintamani-2, TPG-39, JSP-39, Dh-36, ICGV-91114, K-9, Dh-2164MaharashtraK-6, TAG-24, JL-24, AK-303, JL-501, TKG-Bold, Phule Unnati, Phule-60215RajasthanTAG-24, Malika GPBD-4, Pratap Raj Mungphalli6Tamil NaduTMV-2, TMV-7, K-6, GPBD-4, VRI-2, VRI-3, CO(Gn)-4, VRI(Gn)-6
Slide139PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Sandy-loam soil rich in organic matter is best.Use of well decomposed FYM @ 10 tonnes /ha.Broad-Bed-Furrow System for yield improvement.
Sowing of Kharif groundnut in June to July subject to receipt of rains;
Rabi
–November;
Summer
February
/March. Seed rate of 100-110 kg pod /ha. for bunch type and 95-100 kg pod /ha. for Spreading type.Every one tonne of groundnut pods removes 63 kg N, 11 kg P2O5, 46 kg K2O, 27 kg CaO and 14 kg MgO .
Slide140PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Water ManagementCrop is largely (80%) cultivated under rainfed conditions during kharif.
Crop could withstand a dry spell of 25 days after emergence.Rainfall/protective irrigation is necessary at flowering (20-40 DAS), pod formation (40-70 DAS) and pod filling (70-100 DAS).
Sprinkler irrigation best suited for sandy soils.
Eight irrigations are adequate for optimal yield during Rabi / Summer season.
Drip irrigation increases yield (40-50%), quality, and saves water (25-40%).
Slide141PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Water Management (contd)Adopting right spacing between rows and within the rowMulching the soil surface in between rows with crop residue material like straw etc to prevent the germination of weed seedsAdoption of crop rotation and intercropping
Two hand weeding, first around 20 days after sowing and
2nd
at about 35 days after sowing
Inter-culture starts around 10 days after emergence and continues up to 35 DAS at 7– 10 days interval
Slide142PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Insect/Pest
Name pests
Scientific name
Yield
losses (%)
Leaf Miner
Aproaererma
modicella (Deventer)16-92Tobacco CaterpillarSpodoptera litura (Fab.)15-30Hairy CaterpillarsAmsacta albistriga (Walker), A. moorei (Butler) and Spilosoma obliqua (Walker)26-100ThripsCaliothrips indicus Bagnell, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, Thrips palmi Karny and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood15-28AphidsAphis craccivora KochUp to 40Leafhoppers/JassidsEmpoasca kerri Pruthi, Balclutha hortensis Lindb.9-22White grubHolotrichia consanguinea Blanch and H. serrata (Fab.)20-100
Slide143PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Insect/Pest (contd)
Name pests
Scientific name
Yield
losses (%)
Collar rot
Aspergillus
niger van Tieghem.28 – 47Stem rotSclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Teleomorph: Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbrough.27Early Leaf SpotCercospora arachidicola S. Hori. Teleomorph: Mycospharella arachidis Deighton)Up to 60RustPuccinia arachidis Speg.10-52Alternaria Leaf Blight & Leaf SpotAlternaria alternata, A. tenuissima and A. Arachisup-to 22Peanut Bud Necrosis DiseasePeanut Bud Necrosis Virus (Tospovirus)30-90Root knotMeloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla and M. Javanica21.6Kalahasti MaladyTylenchorhynchus Brevelineatus40-50
Slide144PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
IPMDeep ploughing during April-May to expose pupae to sunlight and predatory birds.
Clean cultivation by rouging out weed hosts and off type of plants.Growing of resistant varieties.
Install pheromone traps @ 10 traps/ha for
Spodoptera
and
Helicoverpa
and 25 traps/ha for leaf miner.
Erect bird perches @ 10-12/ha.Spray neem oil @5ml/lt water along with suitable surfactant like soap powder @ 1g/lt or NSKE 5% .Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha, two times at 7-10 days interval followed by release of Bracon hebetor @ 5000/ha two times at 7-10 days against Leaf Miner and Defoliators.
Slide145PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Inter-croppings
Intercropping system
States
Groundnut + Red gram
AP, Gujarat, Karnataka, MP,
Groundnut + Cotton
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
Groundnut + Sorghum/RagiKarnataka and MaharashtraGroundnut + Pearl MilletAP and RajasthanGroundnut+Cowpea/Blackgram/GreengramAP and Tamil NaduGroundnut + CastorAP, Gujarat and Tamil NaduGroundnut + Sesame/SunflowerGujarat, MP, Tamil Nadu and RajasthanGroundnut + SoybeanMP
Slide146MSP Vs MARKETING PRICES
State/MSPAvg. Price of November and December
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
MSP (Rs. / qtl.)
40004000403040304120AP4000410044004500_Gujarat3390381240423750_Karnataka2668300034033371_Rajasthan3580347538983250_Tamil Nadu4437344535204300_
Slide147EXPORT / DEMAND
(Quantity in tonnes and value Rs. in crores)
Products
2013-14
2014-15
Qty
Value
Qty
ValueGroundnut5097503187.667083904675.38Food products794471.4613096119.02Groundnut oil651158.9438952343.15Oil cakes871122.72414721.90Total5329163340.787645855159.45Source: Oilseeds Statistics – A compendium, – 2015,ICAR- IIOR, Hyderabad
Slide148NUTRITIVE VALUE
Groundnut is considered as low sodium food. Groundnut is free from cholesterol and contains less than 20% saturated fatty acid hence heart friendly.Groundnut seed contains 44-55% oil and 22-30% protein on a dry seed and is a rich source of mineral (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium) and vitamins E, K and B group Groundnut oil also contains some palmitic
acid, arachidonic
acid,
behenic
acid,
lignoic
acid and other fatty acids
Groundnut has lowest Glycaemic index (GI) a measure of the rate at which carbohydrate from a particular food breaks down and releases glucose in blood stream Groundnut contains 26% protein, which is higher than egg, meat, fish and dairy products
Slide149RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Development of varieties / technologies for control of Peanut Bud / Stem Necrosis/Clamp virus disease.The old varieties like TMV-2 & TAG-24 in Southern states and GG-20 in Gujarat are still preferred because of their better performance under adverse weather conditions and market preference.
Use of cytoplasm/gene from such varieties for development of high yielding varieties.
Development of effective control measures for white grub for Rajasthan and Gujarat
Resistant varieties/technology for aflatoxin management.
Slide150ACTIONABLE POINTS
Development of varieties / technologies for control of Peanut Bud / Stem Necrosis /Clamp virus disease of groundnut.Development of substitute for the old varieties like TMV-2 & TAG-24 in Southern states and GG-20 in Gujarat which are preferred because of their better performance under adverse weather conditions and market preference. Development of effective control measures for white grub in Gujarat, Rajasthan and UP.
Resistant varieties /technology for aflatoxin management.
******
Slide151SESAME
Slide152BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family : PedaliaceaeCommon name : Til
, Gingeli
Scientific name :
Sesamum
indicum Origin : Probably of African origin
Slide153SEASON AND CLIMATE
Season : Kharif in arid and
semi-arid tropics and
rabi
/summer
in
cooler areasClimate : Semi arid climate of Western India, Central, Eastern and Southern part of India including lower Himalayas
Slide154GLOBAL SCENARIO
Slide155GLOBAL vs NATIONAL SCENARIO
Highest yield (China) : 1234 kg/haWorld average yield : 535 kg/ha
Indian average yield :
413 kg/ha
More
than 85% production of sesame comes
from
WestBengal,Madhya Pradesh
, Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Slide156AVERAGE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAJOR SESAME GROWING STATES (2013-14 TO 2015-16)
StateArea (lakh ha)
Production
(
lakh tonnes)
Yield (kg/ha)
Andhra
Pradesh
0.610.20321Assam0.120.90746Chhattisgarh0.180.65360Gujarat1.940.97493Karnataka0.450.22500Madhya Pradesh3.301.74528Maharashtra0.280.60199Odisha0.230.55237Rajasthan3.520.99285Tamil Nadu0.560.35621Telangana0.260.83313Uttar Pradesh3.870.91215West Bengal2.222.11951All India17.908.02448
Slide157AVERAGE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SESAME IN INDIA DURING 2013-14 TO 2015-16
Slide158YIELD GAP IN SESAME
FLDs on sesame organized during 2013-14 showed an average yield gap of 84% over national average yieldYield gap over state average yield was 58-209%West Bengal is the largest producer of sesame and has the highest state average yield of 939 kg/ha
Slide159POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS
1. Uttar Pradesh
District
Avg. area 2011-2012 to 2013-14
(`000
ha)
Jhansi
89.53
Hamirpur37.97Jalaun35.33Mahoba28.80Hardoi20.47Banda16.33Unnao11.80Lalitpur11.67Fatehpur9.80Sitapur9.70Shahjahanpur7.97Sonbhadra5.43
Slide160POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS (contd)
2. Madhya Pradesh
District
Avg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14
(`000
ha)
Chhatarpur
74.10
Panna31.33Datia27.27Gwalior14.07Shivpuri10.93Bhind9.37Sidhi8.97Satna7.60Shahdol6.93Katni6.17
Slide161POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS (contd)
3. Rajasthan
District
Avg. area 2009-2010 to 2011-12
(`000
ha)
Tonk
50.92Sawai Madhopur41.15Jodhpur36.58Bhilwara30.22Kota29.76Nagaur24.94Bundi24.13Karauli23.80Ajmer22.75Jaipur19.50Baran18.00Sirohi15.87Dausa13.18
Slide162POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS (contd)
4. Gujarat
District
Avg. area 2010-11 to 2012-13
(`000
ha)
Surendranagar
40.40
Kutch34.80Junagadh22.37Jamnagar20.70Bhavnagar18.97Banaskantha16.20Amreli 13.87Mehsana6.30
Slide163POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS
(contd) 5. West Bengal
District
Avg. area 2011-2012 to 2013-14
(`000
ha)
Nadia
27.38
Bankura19.28Murshidabad17.68Bardhaman13.75North 24 Paragans9.17Birbhum5.19Paschim Medinipur*--*Although Paschim Medinipur had the highest area (6.03 lakh ha) during 2009-10, data for the period is not available
Slide164POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS (contd)
6. Andhra Pradesh
Districts
Avg. area 2010-11 to 2012-13 (`000
ha)
Vizianagaram
16.23
Karimnagar
6.67Visakhapatnam6.50Srikakulam6.23YSR Kadapa5.10SPSR Nellore5.10
Slide165POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS
(contd) 7. Maharashtra
District
Avg. area 2008-2009 to 2010-11
(`000
ha)
Jalgaon
13.50
Dhule4.43Latur4.23Osmanabad4.10Parbhani3.53Beed3.20
Slide166POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS (contd)
8. Karnataka
District
Avg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14
(`000
ha)
Mysore
7.13
Gulbarga5.57Mandya5.37Koppal4.23Bidar3.00
Slide167CROPPING SYSTEMS
StateCrop Sequence
Andhra Pradesh
Rice-Groundnut-Sesame,
Sesame -
Horsegram
, Finger
millet / Sorghum /
Horsegram - Sesame, Sesame - Upland RiceBiharEarly Rice - Potato-Summer Sesame/Green gram, Kharif Sesame-Maize/Pigeonpea/Chickpea, Wheat-Summer Sesame/Green gramGujaratSesame-Wheat/Mustard KarnatakaSesame-Horsegram /ChickpeaMadhya PradeshCotton-Sesame-Wheat, Rice -Summer Sesame, Sesame-Wheat
Slide168CROPPING SYSTEMS
StatesCrop Sequence
Maharashtra
Sesame (Early)-Rabi
Sorghum/Safflower,
Cotton-Sesame-Wheat
Odisha
Rice/Potato-Sesame, kharif Sesame-Maize/Pigeonpea/ChickpeaRajasthanSesame-Wheat/Green gram/Barley Tamil NaduRice/Groundnut-Sesame, Sesame-Black gram, Sesame-Rabi Sorghum, Sesame-Green gram, Cowpea-SesameUttar PradeshSesame (Early)-Chickpea/Rapeseed & Mustard/Lentil/PeaWest BengalPotato-Sesame (Late Jan./Early Feb), Rice – Sesame
Slide169STATEWISE INTER-CROPPING
StateIntercropping
System
Gujarat
Sesame+Groundnut
/
Urd
bean (3:3)
Sesame+Pearlmillet / Cotton (3:1)KarnatakaSesame+Groundnut (1:4)Madhya PradeshSesame+Green gram / Black gram (2:2 or 3:3)Sesame+Soybean (2:1 or 2:2)MaharastraSesame+Pearlmillet / Black gram (3:1)OdishaSesame+ Summer Groundnut (2:3)Sesame+Green gram/Black gram (2:2)RajasthanSesame+Pearlmillet / Mothbean (1:1)Tamil NaduSesame+Green gram / Black gram (3:3)Sesame+Pigeonpea (3:1), Sesame+Groundnut (2:4)Uttar PradeshSesame+Green gram (1:1), Sesame+ Pigeonpea (3:1)West BengalSesame+ Groundnut (1:3 or 2:2)
Slide170VARIETIES
State
Variety
Seed Colour
Gujarat
Guj
.
Til-1, 2, 3
White seedGuj. Til-10Black seedMadhyaPradesh TKG-21, 22, 55, 306, 308 and JTS – 8 White seedPKDS-11, 12 Dark brown seedPKDS-8Bold black seeded RajasthanRT-46, 103, 125, 127, 346, 351White seedRT-54Light brown seedMaharashtraAKT-64 , AKT-101, JLT-408, PKVNT-11White seedUttar PradeshT-78, SekharWhite seed
Slide171VARIETIES
StateVariety
Seed Colour
Tamil Nadu
TSS-6
White seed
Co-1,
Paiyur-1
, VRI-1, VRI-2, TMV-7Black and Brown seedWest BengalRama, SavitriBrown seedOdishaNirmala, ShubhraWhite seedPrachi, AmritBrown / Black seedSmarakGolden yellow and bold seed Andhra PradeshVaraha, Gautama, ChandanaBrown seedSwetha Til, HimaWhite seedKarnatakaDS-1Dark brown seed DSS-9White bold seed
Slide172PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Soil: Sesame can be grown on a wide range of soils but well drained light to medium textured soils are preferred. The optimum pH range is 5.5 to 8.0, acidic or alkaline soils are not suitableSeed rate: A seed rate of 5 kg/ha is adequate to achieve the required plant population
Sowing method:
To facilitate easy seeding and even distribution seed is mixed with either sand or dry soil or well sieved farm yard manure in 1:20 ratio
Slide173PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Sowing Time and Spacing:
State
Season
Sowing time
Spacing (cm)
Andhra
Pradesh/
Coastal TelanganaKharifSummerKharifSecond fortnight of MaySecond fortnight of JanuarySecond fortnight of July30 x 1530 x 1530 x 10-15AssamKharifJuly-August30 x 10-15Bihar/ JharkhandKharifJuly30 x 15
Slide174PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Sowing Time and Spacing:
State
Season
Sowing time
Spacing (cm)
Gujarat
Kharif
Semi-rabiSummerLast week of June to second fortnight of JulyMid SeptemberJanuary-February45 x 1045 x 1045 x 15Karnataka NorthSouthKharifEarly Kharif June-JulyApril-May30 x 1530 x 15KeralaKharifSummerAugustDecember30 x 10-1530 x 15
Slide175PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Sowing Time and Spacing:
State
Season
Sowing time
Spacing (cm)
Madhya Pradesh
/Chhattisgarh
KharifSemi-rabiSummerFirst week of JulyLate August-Early SeptemberSecond to last week of February30 x 10-1530 x 1530 x 15MaharashtraKharifSemi-rabiSummerSecond fortnight of June to JulyEarly SeptemberFebruary30 x 1530 x 1545 x 15OdishaKharifRabiSummerJune-JulySeptember-OctoberFebruary30 x 1530 x 1530 x 15
Slide176PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Sowing Time and Spacing:
State
Season
Sowing
Time
Spacing
(cm)
Punjab/ HaryanaKharifSecond fortnight of July30 x 10-15RajasthanKharifLate June-Early July30 x 15Tamil NaduKharifRabiSummerSecond fortnight of May to Second fortnight of JuneNovember-DecemberSecond fortnight of January to March22.5 x 22.522.5 x 22.530 x 10Uttar Pradesh & UttarakhandKharifSecond fortnight of July30-45 x 15West BengalSummerFebruary-March30 x 15
Slide177PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Seed Treatment:For prevention of seed borne diseases, use seed treated with Bavistin 2.0 g/kg seedWherever bacterial leaf spot disease is a problem, soak the seed for 30 minutes in 0.025% solution of Agrimycin-100 prior to seeding
Slide178PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Manure and Fertilizer:
State/ Situation
Recommended
dose of
N:P:K (kg/ha)
Specific recommendation
Andhra Pradesh
Coastal regionTelangana40-40-2030-30-20-GujaratKharifSemi-rabi30-25-025-25-0Apply sulphur @ 20-40 kg/ha. 37.5-25-25Half N + full P2O5 and K2O as basal, remaining half N at 30-35 DAS.Madhya Pradesh /ChhattisgarhRainfedSummer40-30-2060-40-20Apply 25 kg/ha zinc sulphate once in three years in zinc deficient soils.
Slide179PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Manure and Fertilizer:
State/
Situation
Recommended
dose of
N:P:K (kg/ha)
Specific recommendation
Maharashtra50-0-0Half N at 3 weeks after sowing and remaining half 6 weeks thereafterOdisha30-20-30-RajasthanHeavy soilsLight soils20-20-040-25-0For areas with less than 350 mm rainfallFor areas with more than 350mm rainfall
Slide180PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Manure and Fertilizer:
State/ Situation
Recommended
dose of
N:P:K (kg/ha)
Specific recommendation
Tamil Nadu
IrrigatedRainfed35-23-2325-15-15Apply full dose of N, P2O5, K2O as basal.Seed may be treated with Azospirillum.Uttar Pradesh/Uttarakhand20-10-0-West BengalIrrigatedRainfed50-25-2525-13-13No fertilizer if sown after potato.
Slide181PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Weeding and Inter-culture: The crop is very sensitive to weed competition during the first 20-25 days. Two weeding, one after 15-20 days of sowing and other at 30-35 days after sowing are required to keep the field weed free and to make moisture and nutrients available to the cropIrrigation:
For good seed filling and yield, irrigations at flower initiation and capsule formation are essentially required
Slide182PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Insect
Nature of
damage
Stage when crop is damaged
Period of pest activity
Integrated management
Leaf Roller and Capsule Borer (Antigastra catalaunalis Dup.)In early stage of crop, caterpillars feed on tender leaves and remain inside the leaf web. The first attack of the pest starts when the crop is about 15 days old.July to SeptemberCrop rotation is effective in reducing pest population. Birds eat the Caterpillars. Apply Phorate 10 G@10 kg a.i. /ha as basal application.Two sprays of Endosulfan 0.07% or Monocrotophos 0.05% or Quinalphos 0.05%, at 30 and 45 days after sowing. Two rounds of dusting with Phosalone 4%, Malathion 5% Endosulfan 4% dusts 25 kg/ha at 30 and 45 days after sowing.
Slide183PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Insect
Nature of
damage
Stage when crop is damaged
Period of pest activity
Integrated management
Gall Fly (Asphondylia sesami Folt.)Maggots feed inside the floral bud leading to formation of gall like structure and do not develop into flower/ capsule. At the time of bud initiationSept. to Nov.Spray crop at bud initiation stage with Dimethoate 0.03% or Endosulfan 0.07%.Bud Fly (Dasynura sesami G&P)Maggots feed inside the floral bud leading to formation of gall like structure.At the time of bud initiationSept to OctAs in the case of gall fly.Use tolerant varieties like MT-75 and Shekhar.Sesame Leaf Hopper (Orosius albicinctus Dist.)Nymph & adults suck sap of tender parts of plants. From vegetative to capsule stageJuly to end of SeptemberAs in the case of gall fly.
Slide184PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Insect
Nature of
damage
Stage when crop is damaged
Period of pest activity
Integrated management
Hawk Moth (Acherontia styx W.)Caterpillars feed on the leaves and defoliates the plantThroughout the crop growth August to OctoberDeep ploughing exposes the pupae for birds. Collection and destruction of caterpillars. Two rounds of dusting with Phosalone 4% or Malathion 5% or Endosulfan 4% dust 25 kg/ha, first at 30 DAS and second at 45 DAS. Bihar Hairy Caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua)At early stages, larvae are gregarious feedersStarting from vegetative stage till maturityAugust to OctoberSpray at the bud initiation stage with Dimethoate (0.03%) or Endosulfan (0.07%). Dusting with Phosalone 4%, Malathion 5% or Endosulfan 4% @ 25 kg/ha at 30 & 45 DAS.
Slide185PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Disease
Symptoms
Stage of crop when disease appears
Integrated management
Phytophthora
Blight (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica f. sp. sesami)Initially water soaked spots appear on leaves & stem. The spots brown in the beginning turn to black. In humid weather severity of disease increases & causes death of plant with blighted appearance.Seedling to flowering stage.Summer deep ploughing.Improve drainage.Two years crop rotation.Use disease free seed.Intercropping, sesame + pearl millet (3:1) Use tolerant varieties viz. TKG-21, TKG-22, TKG-55, JTS-8, AKT-64. Seed treatment before sowing with approx 35SD (0.3%) or Ridomil MZ (0.25%) Trichoderma harzianum or T. viride or Bacillus subtilis (0.4%).Spray three times with Ridomil MZ (0.25%) or Copper oxychloride (0.25%) at an interval of 10 days from the initiation of disease.
Slide186PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:Disease
Symptoms
Stage of crop when disease appears
Integrated management
Stem and Root
Rot
(
Macrophomina phaseolina/ Rhizoctonia bataticola)Disease appears on root and stem. The affected plants show wilting. Seedling to maturityTwo years crop rotation.Summer deep ploughing.Use disease free seed.Follow intercropping sesame + mothbean 1:1 or 2:1 ratio.Use tolerant varieties viz. RT-46, RT-54, RT-103, RT-125, RT-127, TKG-55, JTS-8, MT-75, Nirmala.Treat the seed with T. viride or T. harzianum or Bacillus subtilis (0.4%) or Thiram 75 SD (0.2%) + Bavistin (0.1%) or Thiram 75 SD (0.3%).Uproot and destroy the infected plants.Irrigate field to avoid stress condition.
Slide187PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:Disease
Symptoms
Stage of crop when disease appears
Integrated management
Bacterial Blight (
Xanthomonas
campestris pv. sesami)Water soaked, small and irregular spots are formed on the leaves, which later increase in number and turn brown, under favourable conditions. Spots appear from 4-leaf stage of the crop and continue till maturity.Seed treatment with hot water at 520C for 10 min.Foliar spray of Streptocycline or Plantomycin (500ppm) as soon as symptoms are noticed. Continue 2 more sprays at 15 days interval if necessary. Destruction of weed Acanthospermum hispidumBacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. sesami)Small angular light brown to brown spots confined to veins with dark margins. From 4-6 leaf stage of crop.As in case of Bacterial Blight.
Slide188PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Disease
Symptoms
Stage
of crop when disease appears
Integrated management
Cercospora
Leaf Spot (Cercospora sesami, C. sesamicola)Disease appears as small, angular brown leaf spots of 3 mm diameter with gray center & dark margin delimited by veins. 4-6 leaf stage of the crop and continues till maturity.Early planting i.e. immediately after onset of monsoon.Follow intercropping of Sesame + Pearlmillet (3:1).Treat the seed with Thiram (0.2%) + Bavistin (0.1%).Use resistant variety TKG-21.Three sprays of Dithane M-45 (0.25%) or Topsin M (0.1%) at 15 days interval.Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria sesami)Spots on leaves are brown circular to irregular in shape and often have concentric rings. Spots appear at about 1 month crop ageUse tolerant varieties viz. TC-25, RT-46, RT-54, JTS-8, Sekhar, Usha, TSS-6, Nirmala, RT-125.Spray Dithane M-45 (0.2%) at 15 days interval when disease appears.
Slide189PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Disease
Symptoms
Stage of crop when disease appears
Integrated management
Powdery Mildew (
Oidium
sp, Sphaerotheca sp., Leveillula sp.)Small cottony spot appears on the infected leaves. 45 days to maturity.Early planting i.e. immediately after onset of monsoon.Use resistant varieties viz. Swetha, RT-127, MT-75.Foliar spray (2-3 times) of wettable sulphur (0.2%) or Bavistin (0.1%) or Tilt (0.1%) at 10 days interval.Phyllody (Phytoplasma)All floral parts are transformed into green leafy structures. Such plants generally do not bear capsules. Flowering stage.Rogue out diseased plants.Use intercropping, sesame + pigeonpea (1:1).Use tolerant varieties viz. JT-21, Swetha, Rama, Shekhar.Soil application of Phorate 10 G @ 5 kg/ha.Three sprays of Dimethoate (0.3%) at 30, 40 and 60 days after sowing.
Slide190HARVESTING AND THRESHING
The best time of harvesting is when the leaves turn yellow and start drooping and the bottom capsules are lemon yellowDelay in harvesting may result in shattering
Slide191NUTRITIVE VALUE
According to Hindu mythology and beliefs, sesame seeds and oil are considered as symbol of immortality and most auspiciousSesame seeds are a very good source of copper, magnesium and calciumSesame flour has high protein, high levels of methionine
and tryptophan, essential amino acidsSesame oil is considered to be one of the most healthy cooking oils due to rich source of oleic (40-50%) and
linoleic
(35-45%) fatty acids
Sesame seeds are used in large number of confectionary products and sweets in addition to industrial,
nutraceutical
and pharmaceutical uses
Slide192MARKETING & EXPORT
Sesame is covered under Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme of the GovernmentAmong oilseeds, sesame occupies 2nd position after groundnut as far as exports of oilseeds are
concernedMore than 40% of the sesame seeds produced in India are exported every
year
The
export price of Rs. 125.47 per kg as against the MSP of Rs. 46.00 per kg during 2014-15 indicates vast difference between the domestic price fixed by the government and export
price
Slide193SEED PRODUCTION, EXPORT AND IMPORT
Year
Prod-uction
(lakh tonnes)
Export
Import
MSP
(Rs/kg) Quantity (lakh tonnes)Value(Rs. in crore)Price (Rs/kg)Quantity(lakh tonnes)Value(Rs. in crore)Price (Rs/kg)2012-136.852.992880.8596.350.0144.18298.6042.002013-147.152.573583.46139.430.0113.76341.8245.002014-158.283.764717.77125.470.0124.01334.1746.00Total22.289.3211182.08-0.03711.95-
Slide194RESEARCHABLE
ISSUESEvolving varieties with high seed yield and oil content coupled with resistance to biotic and abiotic
stressesDevelopment of bold white seeded varieties with low anti-nutritional factors (oxalic/
phytic
acid
)
Development of sesame
hybrid
Development of short duration varieties for Rabi/Summer seasons for rice fallowsDevelopment of package of practices for organic sesameDevelopment of IPM modules for diseases and insect pests
Slide195ACTIONABLE POINTS
ICAR/SAUs may develop varieties with high seed yield and oil content having resistance to biotic and abiotic streses with low anti nutritional factor
Development of hybrids and short duration verities for rice fallow areas with organic package by ICAR/SAUs
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh which have high area coverage but low productivity may make efforts for improving productivity
Sesame growing States may bridge the yield gap which has been found up to 200%
Focused efforts for higher export of white seeded organic sesame with better nutritive value and assured procurement
******
Slide196SUNFLOWER
Slide197BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family : AsteraceaeCommon name :
Surajmukhi
Scientific name :
Helianthus
annus
L.
Origin : Southern United States and Mexico
Slide198SEASON AND CLIMATE
Season : All the seasons and across the countryClimate : Semi-arid region of Deccan Plateau and Northern Plains
Temperature :
Low temperature (3-6
0
C) for
germination, optimum temperature
for growth 20-26
0C
Slide199GLOBAL SCENARIO
Sunflower is grown over an area of more than 25 million ha in about 70 countries with a world average yield of 1637 kg/ha Russia, Ukraine, Romania, China, Kazakhstan, Spain, Bulgaria, France, India, Turkey, South Africa, USA and Myanmar are the major sunflower growing countriesRussia and Ukraine have the largest share of about 50% in total sunflower production in the worldChina, Turkey, Bulgaria and France are the highest yielding countries with an average yield of more than 2.0
tonnes/ha as against less than 1.0 tonne per ha by India
Slide200AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES
S. No
Country
Area
(
lakh
ha)
Production
(lakh tonnes)Yield (kg/ha)2012-132013-142014-152012-132013-142014-152012-132013-142014-151Russian Fed61.5967.9664.4379.93105.5490.341298155314022Ukraine50.8250.9052.1283.87110.51101.341651217119443Romania10.6510.729.9813.9821.4221.891313199821944China8.889.239.3023.2324.2323.802614262425595Bulgaria7.818.798.4413.8819.7420.111777224723846Spain7.618.497.836.1910.299.81813121212537Kazakhstan6.828.187.654.005.735.135877006709India8.206.807.305.445.044.1566374156910Turkey6.056.106.5813.7015.2316.3822652498
2491
11
France
6.80
7.71
6.57
15.73
15.82
15.59
2313
2053
2372
12
USA
7.45
5.93
6.10
12.41
9.17
10.05
1667
1547
1647
13
South Africa
5.00
5.05
5.99
6.30
5.57
8.32
1260
1103
1189
14
Myanmar
5.40
5.70
5.90
3.50
3.60
3.80
648
632
644
World
248.06
254.74
247.62
370.87
444.66
413.35
1495
1746
1669
Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium-2015, ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad
Slide201AVERAGE AREA (LAKH HA) OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES
(2012-13 TO 2014-15)
Slide202AVERAGE PRODUCTION (LAKH TONNES) OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES (2012-13 TO 2014-15)
Slide203NATIONAL SCENARIO
Slide204AVERAGE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN INDIA (2013-14 TO 2015-16)
StateArea (`000 ha)
Production
(`000 tonnes)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Karnataka
367.00
208.00563Andhra Pradesh58.6743.67845Maharashtra61.0027.67407Odisha20.8624.971196Telangana16.6719.671197Bihar12.6317.881418West Bengal13.6719.671438Punjab8.7715.531778Tamil Nadu8.3011.251354Haryana10.5327.372567All India578.53422.95728
Slide205POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SUNFLOWER
Sr. No.State
Districts
Avg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14 (`000
ha)
1
Karnataka
Raichur
61.1Gadag49.9Koppal49.6Bagalkot46.7Gulbarga41.3Bellary27.3Chitradurga27.1Belgaum13.52Andhra PradeshYRS Kadapa46.4Kurnool28.3Prakasam14.1Ananthapuram12.6
Slide206POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SUNFLOWER (contd)
Sr. No.State
Districts
Avg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14 (`000
ha)
3
Maharashtra
Osmanabad
40.6Latur19.9Solapur19.64Bihar Madhepura5.6 Supaul5.35.West BengalPaschim Medinipur4.7South 24 Parganas4.7
Slide207NEW/NON-TRADITIONAL AREAS
As sunflower is largely photo and thermo-insensitive, there is scope to grow the crop in all the seasons of the year. It can be introduced as a contingent crop when the season for planting regular crop is delayed or the regular crop has failed. Some potential areas for introducing sunflower are :In kharif
fallows, as mid-season contingency crop in central and peninsular India.
As a
summer
crop after potato, mustard, sugarcane, pea, cotton, vegetables and late rice in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
As an alternative crop for sorghum under delayed onset of monsoon in peninsular India.
In rice-fallow areas with supplemental irrigation in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
As an intercrop with finger millet, pigeon pea, groundnut, soybean, castor, sesame, black gram and green gram in different regions.
Slide208CROPPING SYSTEMS
Due to its wider adaptability, the crop is ideally suited for intercropping systemAbout 10% area of sunflower is under intercroppingSunflower + pigeon pea and sunflower + groundnut are popular in southern statesSunflower + castor in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat is prevalent Sunflower + soybean in
Marathwada and Vidarbha
region of Maharashtra is popular
Sunflower + black gram in Uttar Pradesh is found to be efficient
On an average, groundnut + sunflower registered 36% yield advantage, while pigeon pea + sunflower gave 23% additional yield advantage over sole crop of sunflower
Slide209INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS
StateSoil
Type
Efficient
Intercropping
Row
Ratio
Karnataka
AlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower4:2, 3:1AlfisolPigeonpea+Sunflower1:2 / 1:1VertisolPigeonpea+Sunflower3:1AlfisolFingermillet+Sunflower4:2MaharashtraVertisolPigeonpea+Sunflower 3:3VertisolSoybean+Sunflower2:1VertisolGroundnut+Sunflower6:2Andhra PradeshAlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower4:2AlfisolPigeonpea+Sunflower1 :2AlfisolCastor+Sunflower1: 1Tamil NaduAlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower 3:1AlfisolCastor+Sunflower1:1GujaratAlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower1:1VertisolCastor+Sunflower 1:1Non-traditional AreasInceptisolBlack gram/Green gram + Sunflower4:2 / 3:1
Slide210YIELD GAPS IN SUNFLOWER
StateYield
(kg/ha)
Yield
Gap (%)
SAY
FLD
Kharif-2013
Karnataka6071953221.75Maharashtra6201604158.71Tamil Nadu1564216638.49Average7501814141.87Source: NMOOP Frontline Demonstrations on Oilseeds 2013-14, ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad
Slide211VARIETY AND SEED SCENARIO
Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR), an Institution of ICAR is entrusted with crop improvement of sunflower A large number of hybrids and composite varieties of sunflower have been developed by both public and private sectors
Slide212PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES
State
Hyb/
Vars
Name of varieties / hybrids
Andhra
Pradesh
Hybrids
BSH-1, APSH-11, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro.Sun.09, NDSH-1, SH-416, DRSH-1VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, DRSF-108, DRSF-113HaryanaHybridsBSH-1, KBSH-1, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, KBSH-44, Pro. Sun. 09, HSFH-848, DRSH-1KarnatakaHybridsBSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, DSH-1, MLSFH-47, KBSH-41, KBSH-42, KBSH 44, Pro.Sun 09, RSFH-1, SH-416, KBSH-53, DRSH-1VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, DRSF-108, DRSF-113
Slide213PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES (contd)
StateHyb/
Vars
Name of varieties / hybrids
Maharashtra
Hybrids
BSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, LSH-1, LSH-3, PKVSH-27,
Sungene-85
, PAC-36, PAC-1091, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro Sun 09, SH-416, DRSH-1, LSFH-35VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, Surya, SS-56, LS-11 (Sidhweswar), DRSF-108, DRSF-113, TAS-82, LSF-8, PKVSF-9, Phule RavirajPunjabHybridsBSH-1, KBSH-1, PSFH-67, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PSFH-118, KBSH-44, DRSH-1, PSFH-118, PSFH 569Tamil NaduHybridsBSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, TCSH-1, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro. Sun. 09, SH. 416, DRSH-1VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, CO-1, CO-2, DRSF-108, DRSF-113, COSFV-5
Slide214PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Soil:Sunflower performs well on a wide range of soils such as sandy loams, black soils and alluviums. It does best on fertile, well-drained neutral soilsAs a rainfed crop during rabi
season, sunflower can profitably be cultivated in moisture retentive soils like Vertisoils
The ideal pH is around 6.5-8.0
Though can tolerate slight alkaline conditions but not acidity
Sowing Time
:
Although sunflower is recommended for cultivation in all the seasons, its performance is superior in
rabi or spring/early summerSowing time should be decided in such a way that the flowering and seed filling stages of the crop do not coincide with continuous rainy period or high temperatures above 38°C
Slide215PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
State
Kharif
Rabi
Summer
Maharashtra
July
1
st week1st fortnight of OctoberLast week of January to First week of February.KarnatakaJuly2nd fortnight of September to 1st fortnight of OctoberJanuary to 1st fortnight of February.Tamil Nadu Mid July 1st week of November Mid February Andhra PradeshJuly 10 to August 202nd fortnight of November-Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh--End of January to February
Slide216PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Spacing:
Soil Type
Spacing (cm)
Optimum
Plant
Population/ha
Light
45 x 3074,000Heavy60 x 3055,000
Slide217PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Seed Treatment:Seed should be treated with Thiram or Captan @ 2-3 g/kg of seed to protect from seed-borne diseasesSeed treatment with
Metalaxyl @ 6 g/kg can protect the crop against downy mildew disease
Treat the seed with
Imidacloprid
@ 5 g/kg before sowing against insect vectors for the necrosis management
For quick germination and better stand in
dryland
conditions, soaking of seeds in fresh water for about 10 hours is recommended
Slide218PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Thinning:Maintenance of optimum population by judicious thinning at 10-15 days after germination to retain single healthy plant per hill is essential for obtaining optimum yieldsAdditional yield advantage from 18 to 23% is recorded through proper thinning
Slide219PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Manure and Fertilizer:Sunflower is an exhaustive crop and for every tonne yield the crop removes as much as 63.3 kg N, 19.1 kg P20
5, 126.2 kg K
2
O, 11.7 kg S, 68.3 kg Ca, 26.7 kg Mg, 47g Zn and 1075 g Fe
Inadequate or imbalanced use of fertilizer has been one of the critical constraints in sunflower production
Apply recommended levels of nutrients based on soil test values
Incorporate 7-8 t/ha of well decomposed FYM 2-3 weeks prior to sowing
Slide220PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Fertilizer Application:
State / System
Fertilizer (kg/ha)
N
P
2
O
5K20Andhra Pradesh:Rainfed 606030Irrigated609030Karnataka:Rainfed 502525Irrigated607560Maharashtra:Rainfed40600Irrigated609560
Slide221PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Recommended Fertilizer:
State / System
Fertilizer (kg/ha)
N
P
2
O
5K20Tamil Nadu:Rainfed402020Irrigated609060Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar and Haryana:Irrigated 806040West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh:Irrigated806040Rice fallows Rainfed404020Irrigated806040
Slide222PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Irrigation:
Critical Stage
Days
After Sowing
Short duration varieties
Long duration varieties
Bud initiation
30-3535-40Flower opening45-5055-65Seed filling55-8065-90
Slide223PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Weeding and Inter-culture:Provide two hoeing followed by one hand weeding at an interval of 15 days commencing from 15-20 DASAlternatively, use of
Alachlor or Pendimethalin
or
Fluchloralin
@ 1.0 kg
a.i
./ha in 600
litres of water as pre-emergence spray on the same evening after sowing (ensure enough soil moisture at the time of weedicide spray) followed by one hand weeding and interculture at 35 DAS provide effective control of weedsApplication of Pendimethalin @ 1.0kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence followed by interculturing at 21 DAS and hand weeding at 40 DAS is effective and profitable resulting in a B:C ratio of 2.98
Slide224Crop Protection:
Insect
Management Practice
1. Seedling
Pests
Cut Worm (
Agrotis
sp.)
Sow the seeds on slopes of ridges (6-8 cm height)Apply Chlorpyriphos (20 EC) @ 3.75 lit/ha tosoil with irrigation water.Grass Hoppers (Attractomorpha crenulata) Follow clean cultivation by keeping bundsand fields weed free. Apply Methyl Parathion 2% dust @ 25 kg/ha.2. Sucking PestsLeaf Hopper (Amrasca biguttula)White fly (Bemesia tabaci)Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis and other Thrips)Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 5 g/kg of seed.Apply Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.1 ml/lit of water at 15-20 days interval.Spray with Phosphamidon (0.03%) or Dimethoate (0.03%) or Monocrotophos (0.05%).PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Slide225PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Insect
Management Practice
3.
Foliage
pests
Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) Bihar Hairy Caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua) and green Semilooper (Thysanoplusia orichalcea)Spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% or Endosulfan (0.07%) or Dichlorvos (0.05%) or Fenitrothion (0.05%) in 500-700 lit of spray solution/ha or Dust Methyl Parathion (2%) @ 25 kg/ha4. Capitulum Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)Spray Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2 lit/ha or Helicoverpa NPV @ 250 LE/ha or Endosulfan (0.07%) or Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Fenvalerate (0.005%) or Profenophos @ 0.05% in 500-700 lit of spray solution/ha5. Mealy BugsSpray Dichlorvos 76 EC (0.05%)
Slide226PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Disease
Management
Practice
1.
Alternaria
Blight and Leaf Spot (Alternaria helianthi) Treat the seed with Captan/Thiram @ 2.5 g or Carbendazim 1.0 g/kg seed Early planting (kharif) escapes the disease Spray the crop with Mancozeb (0.3%), 3-4 times at 15 days interval or rovral (0.05%) 2 sprays at 15 days interval2. Rust (Puccinia helianthi) Removal and destruction of crop residues, volunteer sunflower plants reduce the disease severity Foliar spray with Mancozeb/Zineb 0.2% or calixin 0.1% at 30 days interval3. Downy Mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) In endemic areas avoid continuous sunflower growing, follow 3-4 yearly crop rotation Early sowing, shallow planting escapes from the disease Treat the seed with Metalaxyl 35 SD @ 6 g/kg of seed and followed by foliar spray of Metalaxyl/Ridomyl In disease prone areas use resistant hybrids such as LDMRSH-1 and LDMRSH-3
Slide227PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Disease
Management
Practice
4.
Sclerotium
Wilt (Sclerotium rolfisii)Seed dressing with Captan/Carboxin 3-6 g/kg of seedAdding of soil amendments and antagonistic fungi such as Trichoderma harizanum incorporated into soil reduces the disease incidenceCrop rotation for 3-4 years to be adoptedAvoid moisture stress/water logging conditions in the field5. Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina)Seed treatment with Thiram 3 to 4 g/seedAvoid moisture stress during high summerFollow deep ploughing in summer and crop rotation6. Head Rot (Rhizopus arrhizus)Spray Copper oxychloride @ 0.4% or Mancozeb 0.3%combined with Endosulfan (0.05%) at 50% floweringstage7. Sunflower Necrosis Disease Follow clean cultivation and remove weeds speciallyParthenium, Commelina etc. both from inside andneighbouring fieldsGive prophylactic spray 2-4 times at 15-30 days intervalwith Imidacloprid (Confidor) (0.01%) for vectors controlSeed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 5 g/kg of seedagainst insect vectors
Slide228ROLE OF BEE-KEEPING
Honey bees play a very important role in increasing seed set in sunflowerMaintaining 5 hives/ha facilitates optimum pollination, besides yielding valuable honeyAvoid spray of insecticide at the blooming period as it affects the visit of pollinators (bees)If absolutely essential, spray or dust in the evenings after 3.00 PM preferably with relatively safer insecticides like Endosulfan
or Phosalone
Slide229SEED SETTING AND FILLING
Seed filling under good management conditions is around 75%. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors greatly influence the seed setting and filling in sunflowerHigher seed filling is observed during Rabi/summer
than kharif season
Application of MgSO
4
has shown increased seed filling as well as seed yield
Boron application at ray floret opening stage improves seed set, filling percent, test weight, yield and quality
Presence of pollinators viz. honey bees also influences the seed setting and seed yield
Slide230HARVESTING AND THRESHING
Sunflower should be harvested at physiological maturity when the back of the head turns to lemon yellow colour and the bottom leaves start drying and withering Improved threshers developed by various State Agricultural Universities / ICAR Institutions may be usedDry the seed before storage so as to bring the moisture content to around 9-10%
Slide231NUTRITIVE VALUE
Sesame is considered as one of the healthiest oils with ideal ratio of poly-unsaturated (linoleic) fatty acid (44-75%) and mono-unsaturated (oleic) fatty acid (14-35%), therefore, it is a preferred cooking oil in IndiaBeing a rich source of
liolenic and oleic acid and presence of Vitamin-A, roasted sunflower seeds are also used as snacks
During 2014-15 around 5,558 tonnes of sunflower seed was exported with a value of Rs. 39.92
crore
Slide232MSP & MARKET PRICE
Sunflower is covered under Minimum Support Price (MSP) declared by Government of IndiaNational Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED) is the Nodal agency for organizing procurement of sunflower under Price Support Scheme (PSS)The MSP, average market price and quantity of sunflower procured by NAFED during the last 5 years indicate that price of sunflower quite often falls below the MSP
Slide233MSP & MARKET PRICE (contd.)
Year
MSP (Rs./
qtl
)
Avg. market
price (Rs./
qtl
)Quantityprocured(MT)States2008-092215253310342Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh2009-10221519783376Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh2010-1123502104845Haryana, Odisha2011-1228002759--2012-1337002932--
Slide234EXPORT - IMPORT OF SUNFLOWER OIL AND PRODUCTS DURING 2014-15
Commodity
Export
Import
Quantity
(`000 kg)
Value
(Rs. in crore)Quantity (`000 kg)Value (Rs. in crore)Sunflower seed5558.1939.921245.004.01Oil cake and meal1233.102.4040880.5270.21Crude oil13.620.211712439.759555.76Edible and non-edible oil1846.0615.98251.062.13Total8650.9758.511754816.339632.11
Slide235USES OF SUNFLOWER PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS
Product/By-productUsage
Immature seed
Feed for poultry
Latex from leaves
Source of rubber
Ray florets
Yellow dye extracted for dye industry
FlowerSource of nectar and pollen for honeyStalksRaw material for paper industryThalamus after de-seedingUsed as complete feed for milch animalsSunflower seed/kernelConfectionary industryDeoiled mealAnimal feed
Slide236RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Development of early maturing sunflower hybrids for rice fallow areasDevelopment of low input requiring genotypes Development of resistance for biotic stresses such as Alternaria
helianthi, powdery mildew and sunflower necrosis disease (SND)
Development of Integrated Pest Management package for
Alternaria
and head borer in sunflower
Slide237ACTIONABLE POINTS
States like Karnataka, AP and Maharashtra having higher area but low productivity may make efforts to improve productivity level
Efforts may be made by ICAR/SAUs for development of
hybrids and varieties with higher yield potential matching
with world average productivity
Northern States particularly Punjab and Haryana where
Sunflower was a major crop in the past may make efforts to
cover more area under Sunflower
Sunflower may be introduced in new / non traditional areas by the States of Odisha, Bihar, Bengal, Chhattisgarh and others Low inputs responsive hybrids / varieties with IPM module may be evolved by ICAR/SAUs Blending with cheaper soybean oil is a problem requiring attention.******
Slide238CASTOR
Slide239BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family : Euphorbiaceae
Common name : Arandi
Scientific name :
Ricinus
communis
Origin : Ethiopia
Slide240SEASON AND CLIMATE
Season : Usually kharif, but as a rabi
crop in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
Climate :
Can withstand long dry spells, but
susceptible to water lodging
Temperature :
Moderate temperature (20
0-260C) with low humidity gives best yield
Slide241GLOBAL vs
NATIONAL SCENARIOGlobally castor is cultivated in more than 29 countries over an area of 14.48 lakh ha during 2014-15 with a production of 19.48 lakh
tonnes and productivity of 1346 kg/ha
India
has the largest area (11.48 lakh ha) and highest productivity (1666 kg/ha) of
Castor
in the
world
Slide242AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAJOR CASTOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Sr.
No.
Country
Area
(
lakh
ha)
Production (lakh tonnes)Yield (kg/ha)2012-132013-142014-152012-132013-142014-152012-132013-142014-151India11.4810.9610.4019.6416.4417.331711150016662China1.200.570.461.100.500.409178778703Brazil0.840.440.640.260.130.383082875924Paraguay0.060.080.080.100.110.091667137511255Thailand0.030.020.010.020.010.01688722727World16.4814.9114.4832.3918.4419.48135812371346Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium. 2015, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad
Slide243NATIONAL SCENARIO
Irrigated intensive cultivation with hybrids: Gujarat and Rajasthan
Rainfed cultivation coupled with low input application and
varieties: Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Telangana
and Odisha etc
Slide244AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAJOR CASTOR GROWING STATES IN INDIA
State
Area (
lakh
ha)
Production (
lakh
tonnes)
Yield (kg/ha)AP0.970.60593Gujarat6.8146.861987Karnataka0.110.08685Maharashtra0.150.04301Odisha0.120.17637Rajasthan2.032.971452Telangana0.500.24471All India10.6317.491644
Slide245POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS
Sr. No.State
Districts
Avg. area 2009-10 to 2011-12 (`000
ha)
1
Gujarat
Banaskantha
116.00Kutch87.00Patan75.57Sabarkantha67.30Mehsana66.03Surendranagar51.10Ahmedabad27.80Gandhinagar27.57Vadodara18.47Rajkot14.57Kheda13.53
Slide246POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS (contd)
Sr. No.State Districts
Avg. area 2009-10 to 2011-12
(`000
ha)
2
Rajasthan
Jalore
80.93Sirohi38.40Barmer31.61Jodhpur28.69
Slide247POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS (contd)
Sr. No.State Districts
Avg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14
(`000
ha)
3
Telangana
Mahboobnagar
78.26Nalgonda6.104Andhra PradeshKurnool42.18Ananthapuram22.01Prakasam10.97
Slide248NEW/ NON-TRADITIONAL AREAS
Rabi season offers good scope for area expansion with higher productivity and least problem of Botrytis.
There are bright prospects for growing castor in non-traditional areas like coastal regions where
kharif
castor crop is not possible due to biotic (
Botrytis
) and a-biotic (cyclone & water logging) stresses.
Non-traditional areas/season
also offer opportunity for off-season seed production in isolation.
Slide249CROPPING SYSTEMS
Castor is raised either as a sole crop or mixed crop with kharif cereals/millets (sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet, maize), legumes (pigeonpea, groundnut, green gram, black gram, cowpea and horse gram) and sometimes with horticultural crops like chillies, turmeric, ginger, broad bean and
cucumberMost
popular inter-cropping, which are widely adopted by the farmers
include
castor + pigeon pea, castor + groundnut, castor + millets and castor + moth bean
Slide250PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES
StateType
Recommended varieties/hybrids
Andhra Pradesh
Varieties
Jyothi
,
Kranti
, Kiran, Haritha, 48-1(Jwala)HybridsGCH-4, DCH-32, DCH-177, PCH-1, DCH 519GujaratVarietiesVI-9, GAUC-1, SKI-73 (GC 2), 48-1, GC-3HybridsGAUCH-1, GCH-2, GCH-4, GCH-5, GCH-6, GCH-7, DCH-519KarnatakaVarietiesRC-8, Jyothi, 48-1 HybridsGCH-4, DCH-32, DCH-177, DCH-519MaharashtraVarietiesJyothi, AKC-1, 48-1HybridsGCH-4, DCH-177, DCH-32, DCH-519
Slide251PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES (contd)
StateType
Recommended varieties/hybrids
Rajasthan
Varieties
Jyothi
,
48-1
HybridsGCH-4, GCH-5, DCH-32, RHC-1, DCH-177, DCH-519Tamil NaduVarietiesSA-2, TMV-5, TMV-6, Jyothi, Co-1, 48-1HybridsGCH-4, DCH-32, TMVCH-1, DCH-177, DCH 519, YRCH-1Uttar PradeshVarietiesT3, T4, 48-1, Kalpi-6, Chandra PrabhaHaryana & PunjabVarietiesCH-1, Jyothi, 48-1HybridsGAUCH-1, GCH-2, GCH-4, GCH-5, DCH-32, DCH-177, DCH-519
Slide252YIELD GAP IN CASTOR
Irrigated Condition:
State
Kharif-2013
SAY
FLD
Yield
Gap
(%)Andhra Pradesh648124992.75Gujarat2054302147.08Rajasthan14653666150.24Mean1624243650%Source: NMOOP Frontline Demonstrations on Oilseeds 2013-14, ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad
Slide253PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Seed Bed Preparation: Deep summer ploughing helps to break the hard soil pan and facilitates easy root penetration apart from controlling weeds, insect pests and diseasesSowing: Castor is generally sown in line with country plough or seed-cum-ferti
drillsSeeding Time:
Optimum seeding time for rainfed castor is second fortnight of June. Under irrigated condition sowing continued
upto
end of August
Slide254PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Quality Seed: Purchase of hybrid seeds every year and renewal of seed stock of improved varieties once in 4-5 yearsSpacing and Plant Population: Plant population of 18,500/ha and 14,000/ha was found to be optimum for rainfed and irrigated areas respectively with 5 kg seeds/ha
Slide255PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
State-wise Recommended Spacing:
State / Region
Situation
Spacing (cm)
Andhra Pradesh
Normal
Rainfed
90x60DelayedRainfed60x30KarnatakaRainfed60x30Irrigated90x60Tamil NaduRainfed90x60MaharashtraNormalRainfed90x60DelayedRainfed60x30/90x20GujaratNorth-west GujaratRainfed90x60Irrigated120x60SaurashtraRainfed120x60RajasthanIrrigated90x60
Slide256PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Seed Treatment:Seed treatment with Thiram or
Captan @ 3g/kg seed or Carbendazim 2 g/kg protects plants from seed borne diseases like
Alternaria
leaf blight, seedling blight and wilt
Treating the seed with
Trichoderma
viride @ 10 g/kg seed and soil application of 2.5 kg incubated in 125 kg FYM/ha help in managing wiltSoaking the seed with 1% sodium chloride (common salt) for 3 hours before sowing imparts tolerance to sodicity wherever the problem exists
Slide257PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Fertilizer Application:
Castor crop with an yield of 10 qtl./ha removes 40 kg N, 9 kg P
2
0
5
and 16 kg K
2
0/ha under rainfed conditions Irrigated crop with a yield of 22.8 q/ha removes 84 kg N, 26 kg P205 and 31 kg K20/haApplication of 10-12 t FYM/ha helps in moisture retention and provides nutrition to the crop Nitrogen is normally used in split doses under irrigated condition and also under rainfed conditions subject to receipt of rains
Slide258PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
State-wise Fertilizer Recommendation:
State / Region
Situation
N
P
2
0
5K2OSAndhra PradeshRainfed604030-Tamil NaduRainfed301515-KarnatakaIrrigated755025-Rainfed404020-MaharashtraRainfed60300-RajasthanIrrigated8050020Gujarat NorthIrrigated 120250-Rabi80500-Gujarat Saurashtra RegionIrrigated12050020Gujarat Other RegionsRainfed10050020
Slide259PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Irrigation:All hybrids/varieties require 5-7 irrigations in sandy loam soils of Gujarat and Rajasthan for realizing the full productivity potentials
Drip irrigation in hybrid castor saves 24% water and offers 36% higher yield
Slide260PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Weeding and Inter-culture:Two or three weeding at 15-20 days intervals are required to keep weeds under check
Alternatively pre-sowing application of herbicides such as
Fluchloralin
or
Trifluralin
@ 1.0 kg
a.i
./ha or pre-emergence application of Alachlor @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha is equally effective under irrigation
Slide261Crop Protection:
Insects
Integrated
Management
Red Hairy Caterpillar (
Amsacta
albistriga
Wlk.)Set up light traps on community basis with the first monsoon rains to attract the moths and kill them.Sow cucumber along with castor.Place the twigs of Ipomoea, Jatropha and Calotropis to attract the migrating caterpillars and kill them mechanically.Spray of Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Fenvalerate (0.02%) or Quinalphos (0.05%).Semilooper (Achoea janata L.)Hand picking of older larvae during early stages of crop growth.Manipulate parasitic activity by avoiding chemical spray, when 1-2 larval parasites are observed on castor plant.Spray of Monocrotophos (0.05%), Endosulfan (0.07%), if 4-5 semiloopers/plant are observed with more than 25% defoliation. PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Slide262PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:
Insects
Integrated
Management
Tobacco Caterpillar (
Spodoptera
litura Fabr.)Collect and destroy egg masses and gregarious stages of the larvae along with damaged leaves.Spray Chlorpyrifos (0.05%) or Monocrotophos (0.05%) if defoliation is above 25%.Capsule Borer (Dichocrosis punctiferalis)Spray Monocrotophos (0.05%) or dust the spike with Quinalphos (1.5%) if more than 10% capsules are damaged.Leaf Hopper (Empoasca flavescens Fabr.)Grow double/ triple bloom genotypes like GCH-4, DCS-9, GCH-5, 48-1 etc. Spray Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Dimethoate (0.05%). Repeat spray, if required, after a fortnight.Whitefly (Trialeurodes ricini Misra)Spray Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Dimethoate (0.05%). Repeat spray, if required, after a fortnight.Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus telarius L.)Spray Dicofol (0.05%).
Slide263PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Crop Protection:Diseases
Integrated
Management
Wilt
(
Fusarium
oxysporum)Avoid continuous cultivation of castor and rotate with pearl millet/finger millet or cereals. Avoid water logging. Grow tolerant/resistant varieties like Jyoti, Jwala, Harita, GCH-4, DCH-32, GCH-5, DCH-177, 48-1 and DCH-519.Intercropping castor + pigeonpea 1:1. Treat the seed with Carbendazim 2 g/kg seed/Trichoderma viride 10 g/kg seed and soil application of 2.5 kg/ha incubated in 125 kg FYM.Root rot/die back (Macrophomina phaseolina L.)Burn and destroy crop debris. Follow crop rotation with cereal crops. Grow tolerant varieties like Jwala, and JHB-665.Maintain sufficient soil moisture through soil moisture conservation practices and irrigation at critical stages.Treat the seed with Thiram @ 3g/kg or Carbendazim 2g/kg seed or Trichoderma viride, 4 g/kg seed.Grey rot (Botrytis ricini)Use of non spiny varieties (48-1). Adopt wider spacing and avoid close spacing. Remove infected spikes/capsules and destroy. Provide additional dose of 10 kg N/ha after cessation of rains/ cyclonic storms. Spray Carbendazim (0.05%) or Thiophanate methyl (0.05%) before onset of cyclonic weather based on weather forecast.
Slide264PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Harvesting and Threshing:The main spike becomes ready for harvest within 90-120 days after planting. Subsequent pickings can be taken up at intervals of 30 daysPhysiological maturity in castor is attained when some of the capsules in a spike turn brown in
colour
The matured spikes are cut and dried in sun for few days for easy threshing
Threshing is usually done by either beating the capsules with sticks or alternatively by trampling with Bullocks or Tractor wherever possible
Power operated mechanical threshers are also available for the purpose
Slide265EXPORT OF CASTOR OIL & OIL MEAL
Commodity 2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Quantity
(
lakh
tonnes)
Value(Rs. in crores)Quantity(lakh tonnes)Value(Rs. in crores)Quantity(lakh tonnes)Value(Rs. in crores)Castor oil and its fractions5.283966.545.053995.475.064304.08Hydrogenated castor oil 0.37328.520.38356.400.40393.65Oil cake and meal4.08224.026.02351.865.20366.95Others0.3030.130.01943.670.0616.54Total10.034549.2111.474747.4010.725081.22
Slide266MARKET PRICE OF CASTOR SEED
StateMarket
Market
Price (Rs./
qtl
)
MSP*
Andhra Pradesh
Kurnool3351.00-GujaratVijapur3775.00-Kadi3775.00-*Not available
Slide267USE OF PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS
Products / By-products
Uses
Green leaves
As a feed for
eri
silk worm
Powdered leaves
As repellants for aphids, mosquitoes, and mitesStem pulpPaper and straw boardsCastor lipaseLaundering and dry cleaning formulationsCotyledon of dry seed without testaNutritive food called Ogilli-isi or AwkaCastor oilMedicinal - laxative, purgative and cathartic, prevent hair lossesCastor oilIndustrial - lubricants, oleo-chemicals, plastics, surfactants, cosmetics, urethanes, coatings, etc.
Slide268RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Intensive evaluation of germplasm for agro-economic traits and resistance to wilt, Botrytis, leaf hopper and capsule borer
Development of bio-intensive integrated pest management strategies for wilt, Botrytis and capsule borer
Development of transgenic for resistance to
Botrytis
Value addition of raw castor oil for oleo-chemicals
Slide269ACTIONABLE POINTS
ICAR /SAUs may develop high yielding hybrids / varieties with resistance to major diseases and pests and wider adaptabilityProductivity level of Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh is very low as compared to national average for which the States may make special efforts
Value addition of Castor oil for improving export potential
******
Slide270SAFFLOWER
Slide271BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family : Asteraceae
Common Name : Kusum
Scientific
Name:
Carthamus
tinctorius
L.Origin: Area bounded by Eastern Mediterranean and Persian Gulf, encompassing southern parts of former USSR, western Iran, Iraq, Syria, Southern Turkey, Jordan and Israel
Slide272SEASON AND CLIMATE
Safflower is more or less a day-neutral plant but is thermo sensitive
Crop is tolerant to low temperature at seedling and vegetative stages
Safflower comes up better in relatively drier areas
Frequent and prolonged rains and heavy dew at flowering stage adversely affect pollination and seed development
Optimum temperature for flowering is between 24
C
and 32°C, however, adequate soil moisture reduces the adverse effect of high temperature
High temperature also tends to decrease seed weight
Slide273CROP DESCRIPTION
Plant is highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like Plant height varies from 30-150 cmLeaves are spiny or non-spinyInflorescence is broad, flat or slightly curved and densely bristled
It is a cross pollinated crop
Slide274GLOBAL SCENARIO
Safflower is cultivated in more than 20 countries on an average area of 9.55 lakh ha with a production of 8.09 lakh tonne and productivity of 846 kg/ha (2012-13 to 2014-15)India has the larger coverage but lower yield among the major safflower producing countries
Slide275AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER IN MAJOR GROWING COUNTRIES
(A-Area in lakh ha; P-Production in MT; Y-Yield in kg/ha)
Sr. No
Country
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
APYAPYAPY1Kazakhasthan2.441.275222.761.756333.11.966322India1.781.458151.51.097271.41.138073Mexico1.732.5814890.810.9211401.151.4412604Argentina1.621.08671
0.88
0.5
569
0.95
0.66
699
5
USA
0.65
0.79
1218
0.69
0.95
1381
0.69
0.95
1373
World
9.65
8.42
873
8.90
7.18
807
10.10
8.68
859
Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Institute of
Oilseeds Research
,
Hyderabad
Slide276Slide277Slide278NATIONAL SCENARIO
Maharashtra and Karnataka are major safflower growing States, which contribute more than 90% of India’s productionAn area of 1.44 lakh ha was covered under safflower during 2015-16 as against average area of 2.79 lakh ha during 11
th Plan
Slide279AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF SAFFLOWER IN INDIA (AVERAGE 2013-16)
(A-Area in lakh ha
; P-Production in lakh
MT
; Y-Yield in
Ql
/ha)
Sr. No.StateAPY1Andhra Pradesh0.040.048.752Karnataka0.400.347.833Madhya Pradesh0.2021.005.754Maharashtra0.870.373.755Telangana0.030.024.17 All India1.440.895.33* Fourth Advance Estimates (2015-16)Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, New Delhi.
Slide280Slide281Slide282Slide283Slide284POTENTIAL DISTRICTS OF SAFFLOWER
(A-Area in lakh ha; P-Production in MT; Y-Yield in kg/ha)
Sr. No.
State / District
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
A
PYAPYAPY Karnataka1Belgaun0.060.034510.050.023370.020.015942Bidar0.090.1213000.110.1110270.120.1210723Dharwad0.150.075020.110.043550.080.055904Gulbarga0.060.04
709
0.05
0.05
983
0.05
0.06
1209
Maharashtra
1
Hingoli
0.26
0.15
583
0.22
0.14
624
0.22
0.16
737
2
Osmanabad
0.28
0.17
604
0.26
0.13
510
0.25
0.08
325
3
Parbhani
0.39
0.16
404
0.37
0.21
576
0.19
0.11
542
Source
: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015,
ICAR-Indian Institute
of Oilseeds
Research, Hyderabad
Slide285YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs
State
Yield kg/ha
Yield gap %
SAY
FLD
Rabi 2013-14 (Irrigated)
Maharashtra5701307129Rabi-2013-14 (Rainfed)Karnataka791111941Madhya Pradesh50092986Maharashtra57098873Source: NMOOP Frontline Demonstrations on Oilseeds, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad
Slide286POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SAFFLOWER
Sr. No.
State
District
Avg
area 2011-14 (000ha)
1
Andhra Pradesh Medak5.50 Nizamabad2.00 Ranga Reddy1.502 Karnataka Belgaon4.33 Bidar10.67 Dharwad11.33 Gulbarga5.333 Maharasthra Hingoli23.33 Osmanabad26.33 Parbhani31.67 Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad
Slide287PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Soils:Requires fairly deep, moisture retaining and well drained soilSafflower is fairly tolerant to saline conditionsSowing Time:
Sowing time varies from State to StateOptimum time of sowing is from second week of September to second week of November
In the State of Karnataka the best time of sowing is second week of September for rainfed and mid September to early November for irrigated areas
Slide288PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Seed rate:10-15 kg/ha is the normal seed rateIn Chhattisgarh, 10-15 kg/ha seed rate and in Odisha 20 kg/ha seed rate is adopted in rice fallow areas
Spacing:Normal spacing in safflower is 45x20 cm
In Karnataka, 60x30 cm spacing is adopted
45x20 cm spacing in Chhattisgarh and 30x15 cm spacing in Odisha is adopted in rice fallow
Slide289PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Seed treatment:For better germination and plant growth, seed treatment with Thiram, Captan or Carbendizim @ 3 g/kg is recommended
Fertilizer Application
Fertilizer application varies from State to State and as per soil test
5-10 t/ha FYM is recommended
40 kg/ha N and 25-30 kg/ha P2O5 is general recommendation
Under irrigated conditions 60 kg/ha N and 40-50 kg/ha P2O5 is recommended
20-30 kg/ha K2O is recommended in Potash deficit States of Karnataka UP, MP & Chhattisgarh
Slide290Plant protection measures
Insect / disease
Integrated disease management
leaf
spot
Timely
sowing, avoiding continuous growing of safflower in the same field
and
avoiding growing of safflower in low-lying areas and flooding under irrigation checks infestation of leaf spot disease. Spray of Mancozeb (0.25%) controls leaf spot diseaseRustTo control rust, timely sowing, avoiding growing of safflower in low-lying areas and flooding irrigation and avoiding continuous growing of safflower in the same field checks spread of rust. Remove and destroy the diseased plants to control rust.WiltGrowing wilt resistant hybrid like MRSA-521, timely sowing, avoiding growing in low-lying areas and flooding under irrigation and avoiding continuous growing of safflower checks wilt disease. Also remove and destroy the diseased plants.PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Slide291PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Harvesting and threshingCrop becomes ready for harvest when the leaves and most of the bracteoles become dry and brown.Use of hand gloves to protect legs and hands against spinesMulti crop thresher and combine harvester for harvesting and threshing are efficient machines
Irrigation and water management
In dry land areas under scanty moisture conditions, yield can be boosted from 40% to 60% by providing one life saving irrigation (5 to 8 cm) at critical phases of crop growth (early stem elongation or flowering) or before soil moisture becomes limiting factor for crop growt
h
Slide292State
Suggested crop sequence
Transitional tract of Karnataka (
Dharwad
, Belgaum and adjoining areas)
Green gram – safflower,
Soybean – safflower,
Groundnut – safflower
Scanty rainfall areas of Karnataka (Medium deep black soils of Bijapur & western parts of Bellary)Hybrid sorghum – safflower Green gram-safflowerNorthern Telangana of Andhra Pradesh (parts of Ranga Reddy and Mahboobnagar district, Adilabad, Medak and Nizamabad)Green gram – safflower, Maize-safflower, Hybrid sorghum – safflower,Sesame – safflowerAssured moisture areas of Maharashtra (Khandesh tract, parts of Marathwada and Vidarbha)Green gram – safflower, Black gram – safflower,Hybrid sorghum – safflower, Groundnut – safflower, Sesame – safflower, Sunflower – safflowerSATEWISE CROPPING SYSTEMS
Slide293VARIETIES AND SEED SCENARIO
Hybrid
Year of release
Releasing
centre
Yield potential (kg/ha)
Oil content (%)
Recommended states /regions / situationsSalient features/ traitsNARI-NH-1 (PH-6)2002NARI, Phaltan193631All IndiaNon spiny hybrid, moderately resistant to Cercospora leaf spot, wilt; tolerant to Alternaria and aphidsNARI-H-152005NARI, Phaltan220029All India-MRSA-5212006MAHYCO, Jalna1000-1500 (R)2200-2500 (I)27All IndiaResistant to wilt; tolerant to Alternaria and aphidsNARI-H-232013NARI, PhaltanMaharashtra, Karnataka, MP, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, WBSuited for Irrigated and assured rainfallR= Rainfed; I= Irrigated
Slide294Export
MSP
Year
Qty.
(000 tonnes)
Value
(Rs. in
crore)
(Rs. per kg)2013-140.953.9830.002014-150.682.5330.502015-161.124.0333.00Source: Trade Division, DAC&FW, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare EXPORT AND MSP
Slide295NUTRITIVE VALUE
Safflower oil is sold as Saffola, which is considered to be most preferred oil due to rich poly-unsaturated fatty acids content (73-79% of lenolenic)
Saffola
helps in reducing the blood cholesterol level
Slide296RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Development of CMS based hybrids and varieties with high oil content (35% to 38%)
Evolve early maturing and non-spiny varieties for paddy fallow areas
Develop integrated insect pest and disease management modules
Slide297ACTIONABLE POINTS
Area under Safflower is declining which needs to be promoted particularly in States like AP and MP which has higher productivity than national average which needs attention by concerned States Promoting HYV suitable for low productivity StatesPromoting export to developing countries for its health benefits
Developing production technology and evolving early maturing & non-spiny varieties by ICAR / SAUs
Development of IPM modules by ICAR / SAUs
Covering linseed under MSP and assured procurement
Popularizing less than 10 year old varieties for adoption by farmers by the States
******
Slide298LINSEED
Slide299BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family : Linaceae
Common Name : Alsi
Scientific
Name:
Linum usitatissimum L.
Origin:
Small Seeded Type :South-western
Asia comprising, India, Afghanistan and Turkey Bold seeded type : Mediterranean region including Asia Minor, Egypt, Algeria, Spain, Italy and Greece
Slide300SEASON AND CLIMATE
Linseed is a winter season cropRequires moderate temperature(21-270
C) during vegetative and reproductive phase
High temperature (>32
0
C) with moisture stress during flowering stage reduces seed yield
Cultivated in 4 agro-climatic zones of India
Slide301CROP DESCRIPTION
Linseed is an annual, glabrous plant having one to many stems
Seeds are ovate and brown or yellow in
cooler
Two distinct morphological seed types and
Dual Purpose types are recognized
Linseed fiber is valued for its fine quality
Slide302GLOBAL SCENARIO
Linseed is cultivated in more than 50 countriesGrown on an area of 24.09 lakh ha (Av:2012-15) Average production is 23.09 lakh tonne (Av:2012-15)
Average productivity is 930 kg/ha (Av:2012-15)
Slide303AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAJOR LINSEED GROWING COUNTRIES
(A-Area in lakh ha; P-Production in lakh MT; Y-Yield in kg/ha)
Sr. No
Country
Area
Production
Yield
2012 -13
2013 -142014 -152012 -132013 -142014 -152012 -132013 -142014 -151Canada3.844.226.214.897.318.721272173114052Russia5.584.384.423.693.263.936617438903China3.183.133.13.913.993.51228127511294India4.313.383.61.521.47
1.41
353
435
392
5
USA
1.36
0.73
1.26
1.47
0.82
1.62
1083
1123
1285
6
Ethiopia
1.28
0.96
0.82
1.22
0.88
0.83
955
920
1010
World
25.72
22.97
26.01
20.62
22.99
25.65
802
1001
986
Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Indian Institute of
Oilseeds
Research,
Hyderabad
Slide304Slide305Slide306NATIONAL SCENARIO
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Assam are major linseed growing States in the countryArea under linseed cultivation has remained almost static between 2.85 to 2.98 lakh ha (2013-14 to 2015-16)
Productivity of linseed has declined from 541 kg/ha (2014-15) to 442 kg/ha (2015-16)
Slide307AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF LINSEED IN INDIA (AVERAGE 2013-16)
(A-Area in lakh
ha; P-Production in
lakh
MT
; Y-Yield in
Ql /
ha)Sr. No.StateAPY1Assam0.060.046.712Bihar0.180.158.553Chhattisgarh0.280.103.714Jharkhand0.260.166.125Karnataka0.200.163.336Madhya Pradesh 1.120.575.037Maharashtra0.240.052.188Odisha0.190.094.799Uttar Pradesh0.23
0.11
4.75
10
West Bengal
0.07
0.02
3.17
All India
2.92
1.43
4.89
* Fourth Advance Estimates (2015-16)
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture &
Farmers
’
Welfare
, New Delhi.
Slide308Slide309Slide310Slide311Slide312POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF LINSEED
Sr. No.
State
District
Avg
area 2011-14 (000ha)
1
Bihar
Araria2.002 Aurangabad5.001 Chhattisgarh Rajnandgaon5.332 Surjuga3.001 Madhya Pradesh Anuppur4.002 Balaghat14.673 Chhatarpur7.674 Dindori5.005 Mandla6.006 Rewa10.677 Seoni8.338 Sidhi5.009 Umaria3.00
1
Odisha
Keonjhar
3.33
2
Nabarangpur
2.33
Source
: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds
Research Hyderabad
Slide313YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs
FLDs conducted by ICAR institutes including SAUs (rabi 2013-14) indicates a yield gap of-
43-231% over State Average Yield (Irrigated condition)
3-243% over State Average Yield( rainfed condition)
48-106% over State Average Yield (
Utera
condition)
Factors contributing to low yield
Limited choice of high yielding varieties Low seed replacement rate Low input application
Slide314State
Varieties
Less
than 10 years old varieties
Madhya Pradesh
Indira
Alsi-32,
Kartika
, Suyog, Azad Alsi-1ChattisgarhRLC 92, Deepika, Kartika, Indira Alsi-32, ShardaUttar PradeshSharda, Azad Alsi-1, RuchiBiharShival, Ruchi, Azad Alsi-1JharkhandShival, Ruchi, Azad Alsi-1 More than 10 years old varietiesMadhya PradeshJLS 9, Padmini, ParvatiChhattisgarhJ 552, PadminiUttar PradeshShekhar, Padmini, Parvati, Garima, ShikhaRajasthanMeeraBiharShekhar, Parvati, ShikhaJharkhandShekhar, T-397, Padmini, Sweta, ShubhraPREFERRED VARIETIES OF LINSEED BY FARMERS
Slide315Yield
(kg/ha
)
Yield gap
(%)
SAY
FLD
Rabi 2013-14 (Irrigated)
Bihar850121743Chhattisgarh42464051Madhya Pradesh4981575216Uttar Pradesh3851273231Rabi 2013-14 (Rainfed)Assam64374516Bihar8508763Chhattisgarh42461545Karnataka33358977Madhya Pradesh4981150131Maharashtra258882242Odisha47878063Uttar Pradesh385878128Rabi 2012-13 (Utera)Chhattisgarh424398
State
Odisha
478
710
48
Uttar Pradesh
385
794
106
STATEWISE
YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs
Slide316State
Situation
Intercropping system
Uttar Pradesh
(Excluding
Bundelkhand
)
Rainfed
Linseed + Chickpea/Lentil (3 : 1 or I : 3)IrrigatedLinseed + Wheat (4:2),Linseed + Mustard (5:1)Linseed + Potato (3:3)Bundelkhand of Uttar PradeshRainfedLinseed + Chickpea/Lentil (3:1 or 1:3)Linseed + Wheat (1:3)Madhya Pradesh and ChhattisgarhRainfedLinseed + Chickpea (3: I )Bihar and JharkhandRainfedLinseed + Chickpea (3: 1Linseed + Mustard (5:1)West BengalIrrigatedLinseed + Mustard (S: l )Linseed + Potato (3:3)Maharashtra andKarnatakaRainfedLinseed + Chickpea (3:1 or 1:3)Linseed + Safflower(Different row ratio)Punjab and H.P.RainfedLinseed + Chickpea (3:1)IrrigatedLinseed + Mustard (5:1)Linseed + Wheat (4:2) STATE WISE INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS IN LINSEED
Slide317PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Linseed crop is cultivated under three eco-systems-Utera systemRainfed ecosystem
Irrigated ecosystem
Dual Purpose Linseed:
Grown in Kangra district of HP, Indo-
Gangetic
plains and irrigated areas of
Bundelkhand
of UP, Tawa command area of MP and Kota command area of Rajasthan
Slide318PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Sowing Time:Time of sowing varies from State to StateOptimum sowing period is from first fortnight of October to first fortnight of NovemberSeed Rate:
25-30 kg /ha under
rainfed
/irrigated sowing
45-50 kg/ha for Dual Purpose (DP) sowing
50-60 kg/ha under
Utera
broadcasting methodSpacing:20-25 cm is optimum spacing under rainfed / irrigated conditions
Slide319PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Fertilizer Application:Fertilizer dose of 40 kg/ha N and 20 kg P is recommended under rainfed conditions60-80 kg/ha N and 30 kg P is recommended under irrigated conditions
80 kg/ha N and 30 kg P is recommended under Dual Purpose sowing
20 kg/ha N is recommended under
Utera system
Slide320PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (contd)
Plant Protection:Two fortnightly sprays of Spinosad 45EC (0.015%) reduces bud fly infestation which enhances seed yield up to 63%Two applications of
neem based commercial formulation containing
Azadirachtin
300
ppm
also reduces bud fly infestation
Slide321Year
Quantity
(‘000 tonne)
Value
(Rs. in
crore)
2013-14
0.056
0.282014-150.5563.502015-160.2081.21MSP AND EXPORTLinseed is not covered under Minimum Support Price (MSP) and no procurement is carried out. Year wise quantity and value of linseed exported during last 3 years is as under:
Slide322NUTRITIVE VALUE
Richest source of lenolenic (18:3) poly-unsaturated fatty acid (35-60%), which has quick drying propertyBest source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
Seeds have high medicinal value in control of cardiovascular, cancerous, diabetic and rheumatic arthritis diseases
Roasted seeds of linseeds are used in various food preparations in different parts of the country
Linseed oil is largely used in paint and varnish industry
Slide323RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Development of short duration and heat tolerant high yielding varieties of linseed particularly for rice fallowsDevelopment of location specific integrated crop management practices
Development of eco-friendly IPM technologies
Development of varieties/technologies for
utera
cultivation
Evolving dual purpose varieties
Slide324ACTIONABLE POINTS
Promoting High Yielding Varieties suitable for low productivity StatesSuitable production technology for utera cultivation and dual purpose type varieties needs to be developed by ICAR / SAUs
Less than 10 year old varieties may be popularized by States Development of IPM modules by ICAR / SAUs
Covering linseed under MSP and assured procurement
Promoting export to developing countries for its health benefits
******
Slide325NIGER
Slide326BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Family : AsteraceaeCommon Name : Ram
til
Scientific Name:
Guizotia
abyssinica
L.
Origin : Ethiopian highlands and spread from Malawi to India
Slide327SEASON AND CLIMATE
Requires moist soil to grow properly
Grows well under light black soils or
brownish loam with sufficient depth and on
well drained heavy soils or rocky laterite soils
Requires moderate annual rainfall between
1000-1250 mm
Slide328CROP DESCRIPTION
Niger is an annual dicotyledonous herb
Plant is erect, stout and branched type
Flowers are yellow, slightly green and two to three capitulates grow together
It is a cross pollinated crop
Slide329GLOBAL SCENARIO
Major Niger growing countries are:
Ethiopia
Germany
West Indies
Brazil
Mexico
China
Nepal Myanmar India
Slide330AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF NIGER IN INDIA (AVERAGE 2013-14 TO 2015-16*)
(A-Area in lakh ha; P-Production in lakh
MT; Y-Yield in
Ql /
ha)
Sr. No.
State
A
PY1Andhra Pradesh0.080.044.782Assam0.070.045.953Chhattisgarh0.630.111.744Gujarat0.100.045.215Jharkhand0.030.025.906Karnataka0.100.023.087Madhya Pradesh0.660.233.558Maharashtra0.230.062.429Odisha0.660.243.5810West Bengal0.040.03
7.13
All India
2.61
0.84
3.21
* Fourth Advance Estimates (2015-16)
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture &
Farmers
’ Welfare, New
Delhi
Slide331Slide332Slide333Slide334Slide335POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF NIGER
Sr. No.
State
District
Average Area 2011-14
(
000 ha
)
1Andhra Pradesh Vishkhapatnam8.002Assam Barpeta1.33 Goalpara1.333Chattisgarh Bastar11.00 Jashpur21.33 Sarguja22.004Karnataka Mysore1.675Madhya Pradesh Betul14.67 Chhindwara11.00 Dindori22.336Maharashtra Ahmdnagar2.00 Nasik16.667Odisha Koraput24.33
Mayurbhanj
13.00
Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium - 2015, ICAR-Indian Institute of
Oilseeds
Research,
Hydrabad
Slide336YIELD GAP UNDER FLDs
Limited choice of High Yielding Varieties, use of farm saved seed with low seed replacement rate and low input application are the major factors contributing to low yield
Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) conducted by institutes of
ICAR/SAUs indicate yield gap from 29 to 41 % over State
Average Yield
State
Yield (kg/ha)
Yield gap
(%)State Average YieldFLDKharif 2013-14 (Irrigated)Jharkhand500450-MP36947529Maharashtra32545741Source: NMOOP Frontline Demonstration on Oilseeds, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad
Slide337State
Intercropping
Row ratio
Madhya Pradesh
Niger +
Kodo
/
Kutki
/ Pearlmillet/ Green gram2:2MaharashtraNiger + Finger millet / Horse gram/ Ricebean2:2 or 4:2Niger + Pearlmillet3:3OrissaNiger + Finger millet / Black gram2:2 or 4:2Niger + Ricebean/ Cowpea/ Frenchbean4:2BiharNiger + Finger millet / Black gram2:2Niger + Redgram3:2Niger + Ricebean4:2APNiger + Cowpea4:2KarnatakaNiger + Groundnut3:6Niger + Finger millet1:1 STATEWISE INTER-CROPPING SYSTEMS
Slide338VARIETIES AND SEED SCENARIO
High Yielding Varieties in case of niger is much less because of limited genetic variation 13 varieties of Niger have been released from 2002 to 2016
JNC-6, JNC-9, Utkal Niger-150 and BNS-10 are promising varieties
Non-availability of seed of promising varieties is a constraint
Slide339State
Varieties
Madhya Pradesh/
Chhattisgarh
JNC-6, JNC-1, JNC-9
Maharashtra
IGP-76, IGPN-2004-1 (
Phule
Karala-1)KarnatakaRCR-317, RCR-18, KBN-1OdishaGA-10, Utkal Niger-150JharkhandBirsa Niger-1, Birsa Niger-2, BNS-10GujaratGujarat Niger-1, NRS-96-1Tamil NaduPaitur-1 PREFERRED VARIETIES OF NIGER
Slide340PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
Soil Type: Loamy soils of good depth and texture with pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. is most suited
Can withstand slight alkalinity and salinity
Sowing Time:
Sown under rained situations in
kharif
and
rabi as a sole crop or mixed crop with little millet, finger millet, pearl millet, groundnut or pulse crops in different StatesSeed Rate:Generally 5 kg/ha seed is required for sowing of sole crop
Slide341PACKAGE OF PRACTICES (Contd.)
Sowing Method:
Crop is largely sown by broadcasting method
Line sowing of 30X10 cm has been found more
beneficial
Seeds are mixed with sand / powdered FYM / ash
to increase the bulk 20 times to ensure even
distribution of seed while sowing
Seed Treatment: Seed should be treated with Thiram or Captan @ 3.0 g/kg seed before sowing Seed treatment with Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) @ 10 g/kg seed gives higher yield
Slide342PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
(Contd.)
Nutrient Management
Crop is mostly grown on marginal and sub-
marginal land without manure or fertilizer
application
Application of recommended N through urea +
seed treatment with PSB @ 10 g/kg seed
enhances yield significantly Application of sulphur (20-30 kg/ha) increases seed yield and oil content in Niger
Slide343Fertilizer application:
State
Recommended dose of fertilizer
Madhya Pradesh
10 kg N + 20 kg P
2
O
5
/ha at sowing and 10 kg N/ha 35 DASMaharashtra4 tonnes of FYM and 20 kg N/ha at sowing.Odisha20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 /ha at sowing and remaining 20 kg N/ha at 30 days after sowingBihar/ Jharkhand20 kg N +20 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O + 15 kg ZnSO4 as basal dozeAndhra Pradesh5 tonnes of FYM and 10 kg N/ha at sowingKarnataka20 kg N + 20-40 kg P2O5 + 10 kg K2O /ha at sowingPACKAGE OF PRACTICES (Contd.)
Slide344PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
(Contd.)
Weed
control
:
First weeding at 15-20 DAS
In Odisha, Cuscuta (
Cuscuta hyalina / C. chinensis
) infestation has become a major problem, therefore, seed should be obtained from Cuscuta free areas Cuscuta seeds could be separated with a 1 mm sieve
Slide345Year
(
Rs. per kg)
2012-13
35.00
2013-14
36.00
2014-15
36.502015-1638.252016-1737.25 MSP OF NIGER
Slide346NUTRITIVE VALUE
Contains most healthy oil with high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid (45-66% linolenic
acid) and mono-unsaturated fatty acid (13-
39% oleic acid), for maintaining balance
between Omega-3 and Omega-6
Rich in protein (10-25%) soluble sugar (12-
18%) and
fibre
(10-20%)
Slide347RESEARCHABLE ISSUES
Development of varieties with high seed yield and oil contentDevelopment of integrated management for Cuscuta
Development of Integrated nutrient management
Development of production technology for resource poor farmers
Development of IPM modules
Slide348ACTIONABLE POINTS
Productivity level of Niger in Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra is less than the national average which needs to be improved by the States
High Yielding Varieties production technology and with higher oil content needs to be developed by
ICAR / SAUs
Less than 10 year old varieties may be popularized
by the major Niger growing States viz.
Chhattisgarh, MP and Odisha
Development of IPM modules by ICAR / SAUs
******
Slide349Thanks