Ledgershorizontal members parallel to wall Putlogstransverse pieces placed on ledgers which are supported on wall Transomsputlogs with both ends supported on ledgers Bracesdiagonal pieces Bridle ID: 1019198
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1. scaffolding
2. Standards-vertical members of frame work embedded into groundLedgers-horizontal members parallel to wallPutlogs-transverse pieces placed on ledgers which are supported on wallTransoms-putlogs with both ends supported on ledgersBraces-diagonal piecesBridle-brige an opening in a wall it supports one end in putlogGuard rail-rail provided with ledgerRaker- inclined support
3. SINGLE SCAFOLDING
4. Single scaffoldingWidely used in brick workSingle row of standards at a distance of 1.2mPutlogs are placed at horizontal distance of 1.2 to 1.8m
5. Stronger than single scaffoldingTwo rows of standards are providedDistance between face of wall and first row of standards is 200mm to 300mm
6. Cantilever or needle scaffoldingMay be single or double scaffoldingNeedle supported on floor level
7. Suspended scaffoldingsUsed for maintainance worksWorking platform suspended from roof by ropes, wires or chains
8. Trestle scaffoldingWorking platform supported by ladders, tripods mounted on wheelsHeight of this type of scaffolding is 5m fro supporting surface.
9. TRESSLE SCAFOLDING
10. Steel scaffoldingSteel tubes effectively used for scaffolding workCan be used to any heightHigh intial costSkilled labour required
11. Patented scaffoldingMade of steelUse of working platform supported by bracket
12. PATENDED SCAFOLDING
13. SHORING
14. shoringThey are temporary structuresStructures become unsafe due to unsettlement of foundations or removal of adjacent buildingShoring is required to prevent movements.
15. Circumstances when shoring is requiredAdjascent structures is diamantledCracks due to unequal settlement of foundationLarge openings in wallsPoor workmanship
16. Types of shoringRaking or inclined shoresFlying or horizontal shoresDead or vertical shores
17. Raking shoresConsist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,rakers, bracings,sole plateRakers prevent outward movement of wall Large factor of safety is used for designed of inclined shoresRakers inclined at 45ᵒSole plate at ground
18.
19. Flying or horizontal shores
20. Flying or horizontal shoresHorizontal support to parallel wallsConsist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,struts etc Suitable for max distance of about 9m
21. Dead or vertical shores
22. Dead or vertical shoresNeedles are supported by vertical members called shores.Used under following circumstancesLower part of wall is defective-foundations are deepened-lower part is to be rebuilt
23. UNDERPINNING
24. underpinningPlacing of new foundation above existing foundation
25. Circumstances used for underpinningBuilding with deep foundations constructed to near buildingSettlement of existing foundationBasement is to be provided to existing buildingExisting foundations to be deepened