Programme EU External Action ECDPM amp material by Anna Knoll ECDPM 21 October 2014 Migration in Africa Europe relations Kreisky Forum Vienna 6 September 2016 Some facts about recent trends in migration between Africa amp Europe ID: 814640
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Slide1
Damien Helly, Deputy Head of Programme, EU External Action, ECDPM& material by Anna Knoll, ECDPM
21 October 2014
Migration in
Africa Europe relations
Kreisky
Forum, Vienna
,
6
September 2016
Slide2Some facts about recent trends in migration between Africa & EuropeMigration in Africa-Europe relations 2008-2014
International LevelPolicy Debates within the EU
African Union and RECsThe Libya & Syria shocks The EU managing the migration shocksThe future of migration in Africa-Europe relationsContentECDPMPage 2
Slide3Think and do tank working on Europe Africa relations and European development policiesFunded by 9 European governments
Around 60 staffHQ in Maastricht & office in Brussels
Regularly on mission in AfricaA few words about ECDPMECDPMPage 3
Slide4232 Million International Migrants (2013) (3.2% population)
Some facts & figures
ECDPMPage 4?3.2%3.2%2.8%2.9%
Slide5Source: FRAN and JORA data as of 3 June 2016. The data presented refer to detections of illegal border-crossing rather than the number of persons, as the same person may cross the external border several times. However, there is currently no EU system in place capable of tracing each person’s movements following an illegal border-crossing. Therefore, it is not possible to establish the precise number of persons who have illegally crossed the external border
Slide6Slide7Page
7
Slide8Slide9Slide102. Migration in Africa-Europe relations 2008-2014
ECDPM
Page 10Migration in Home affairsAsylum policy – (Dublin)Common visa policy (Schengen)Bilateral readmission agreementsMigration in external actionBilateral level – migration agreementsContinental level (Joint Africa Europe Strategy partnership on mobility, movement & employment)Sub-regional levels (Cotonou Agreement – article 13, regional integration and freedom of movement & intra-African mobility + climate induced migration)
Slide11Political Climate / Interests / Political Economy
Page 11
ECDPMEuropean Union Policy Agenda on Migration (+external)Internal Debate on CEASEU MSAfrican UnionPolicy Agenda
RECs
RECs
RECs
RECs
Practice
International and Post-2015
Policy Landscape 2008-2014
Slide12North-South &South -South
Migration
Migration within developing countriesForced Migration and protracted situationsClimate change, migration and developmentEU in 2014 – towards a broader understanding of migration and developmentECDPMPage 12External Policy Agenda on Migration“Maximizing the development impact of migration” (2013)Circular migration
Diaspora
Remittances
Brain Drain
Forced Migration
Address links between climate change and migration
Deepening understanding of social/economic consequences
Development Policy Actors
Migration Policy Actors
Slide13EU Agenda2008-2014 ECDPM
Page
13European Union External Policy Agenda on MigrationCircular migrationDiaspora Remittances3. Migration and Development
2005 Global Approach on Migration (GAM)
1. Legal Migration (management)
2. Irregular Migration (prevention
and reduction)
2012 Global Approach on Migration and Mobility (GAMM)
Legal migration and mobility
Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings
International protection and asylum policy
Maximizing development impact of migration and mobility
Brain Drain
Slide143. The Libya & Syria shocks: new flows, new routes 2011-2014 ECDPM
Page 14
The Libya shocks: End of Gadhafi regime & end of border control Increase in migrant smuggling in Libya, Sahel & the Horn – The 2013 Lampedusa tragedy & syndromePush factors from Western Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal) & the Horn (Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan)The Syria shock: the Eastern Mediterranean routeTough EU asylum policies close bordersNo European agreement / appetite on asylum policy Lebanon’s limits, Turkish fragility, smuggling business from bad European governance to securitisation of debates & responses
Slide15Figures?
“Among
these 3.8 million immigrants during 2014, there were an estimated 1.6 million citizens of non-member countries, 1.3 million people with citizenship of a different EU Member State”The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that more than 1,011,700migrants arrived by sea in 2015, and almost 34,900 by land.This compares with 280,000 arrivals by land and sea for the whole of 2014. The figures do not include those who got in undetected.The EU's external border force, Frontex, monitors the different routes migrants use and numbers arriving at Europe's borders and put the figure crossing into Europe in 2015 at more than 1,800,000.http://
ec.europa.eu/
eurostat
/statistics-explained/
index.php
/
Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics
Slide163. The new EU migration in Africa Europe relations: 2014-2016ECDPM
Page 16
The Valetta shift: Summit and declaration High level dialogues – Migration partnerships (only 3 – in comparison to 12 ENP countries) but 35 dialogues ongoing (Nigeria & Ethiopia have signed)EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa The new EU migration compact & foreign policy:Rhetorical & conceptual shift: a migration-driven foreign policyAn earthquake in Development & humanitarian policiesNegative conditionality + carrots & sticksFocus on quick wins and political expediency
Slide17New EU Agenda2015-2016ECDPM
Page
17European Union External Policy Agenda on Migration2016 Migration compact2012 Global Approach on Migration and Mobility (GAMM)Legal migration and mobility
Irregular migration and trafficking in human beingsInternational protection and asylum policy
Maximizing development impact of migration and mobility
New financial instruments + country partnerships
Readmission & return w/ incentives
Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings
International protection and asylum policy
Root causes of migration
Create legal routes
Save lives at sea
Slide18ECDPMPage 18
Slide194. The future: migration in Africa Europe relations: 2016 & beyond
ECDPM
Page 19The implementation challenge: Impact on “root causes” will take several years to be assessed (or not) – example of youth employment and vocational trainingFruitful cooperationSustainability requires adequate monitoring evaluation & evidence-based knowledge production (Dev/Humanitarian)The confidence challenge:Return vs mobilityConditionality & interests Intercultural challenges – within Europe and between African & Europeans
Slide204. The future: migration in Africa Europe relations: 2016 & beyond
ECDPM
Page 20Some options Combination with achieved freedom of movement within Africa (ECOWAS experience)Suggestion of enlarged South-South mobility space (Maghreb-West Africa) Relevance of continental level in Africa for standards & objectives/visions (Agenda 2063)Investing in non state actors in Africa-Europe relations: non state actors managing migration dynamics: - remittances, business, circular migration.
Slide21Thank
you !
www.ecdpm.orgDamien Hellywww.slideshare.net/ecdpmPage 21
Slide22Many reasons (often mixed)Protect life and liberty (desperation migration/forced migration due to conflict, war, natural disasters etc.)
Pursue enhancement of livelihoods and lifestyles (moving out of choice for new lifestyles
) ‘economic migration’ Often difficult to identify single reason for moving yet often for seeking employment Reasons for migrationECDPMPage 22
Slide23Why do we talk about
migration and development
.... And what do we mean by it? ECDPMPage 23
Slide24Migration Development ECDPM
Page
24“... Migration is the original strategy for people seeking to escape poverty, mitigate risk, and build a better life. It has been with us since the dawn of mankind, and its economic
impact today is massive.“
(Peter Sutherland, UN Special
Representative
for
International Migration)
Slide25ECDPMPage 25
Migration
Development+- Social cohesion
Fiscal stress
MDGs
Education
Health
gender
Poverty Reduction
Social impact/ well-being
Economic
Labour
Market
Inequality
Slide26Remittances ECDPM
Page
26
Slide27Migration and DevelopmentECDPM
Page
27Remittances National Level Increase national income (if formally transferred)gain creditworthinessstabilize national balance of payments accountsRise in inflationAggravation of regional inequalities between receiving and non-receiving areas
No benefit to long-term growth
Household level
Afford basic needs (food, education, etc.) – Poverty reduction
Potentially increase local capital for investment
Negative:
Increase on prices (of land) etc.
Slide28Food SecurityTo what degree is heightened mobility related to problems of food insecurity? Food security shocks and chronic food insecurity as major
motives for migration for income-generating opportunity. For those with less resources may lead to further fragility/insecurity.
Climate Change – Migration as adaptation strategyChanges in migration patterns can be responses to both extreme weather events and longer-term climate variability and change and migration can also be an effective adaptation strategy. IPCC, UNFCCC increasingly recognize this link Peace&SecurityLivelihood strategy in post-conflict societies (Pakistan, Nepal)Pressure on social systems and social cohesion Taking account of ‘returning’ migrants in peace- and statebuilding Link with development dimensionsECDPMPage 28
Slide298 Point Plan Protect the human
rights of all migrants
Reduce the costs of labour migration Eliminate migrant exploitation including human trafficking Address the plight of stranded migrantsImprove public perceptions of migrantsIntegrate migration into the development agendaStrengthen the migration evidence baseEnhance migration
partnerships and cooperation
UN High Level Dialogue 2013
ECDPM
Page
29
International and Post-2015
Slide30Goal 8 Sustainable economic growth/ decent workPromote labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments of all workers, including migrant workers, particularly women migrants…
Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countriesFacilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
By 2030, reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5%Post-2015 OWG TextECDPMPage 30International and Post-2015
Slide31separate debate on the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), responsibility sharing and solidarity among MS Fight against irregular migration & “Fortress Europe” without providing safe & legal channels (MS)
Exacerbating the situations of irregular migrants External dimension of migration and internal management inextricably linked
EU agenda – Internal issuesECDPMPage 31European Union Internal Debate on CEAS
Slide32ECDPMPage 32
“Money should not be spent building the walls in Europe [...] but to dismantle the walls in countries [of the South]”
“Equally important is the need to work on the link between migration and development”“Legal migration is a fence against illegal migration ”
Slide332006 Migration Policy Framework for AfricaM&D: Brain Drain, Diaspora, RemittancesOuagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking of Human BeingsAfrican Common Position on Migration and Development
“Migration as effective tool for development”Post-2015 CAP notes migration and development
RECsFree labour migration provisions, e.g. EAC Common Market Protocol Article 10 “free movement of workers” – progress but difficult to fully implement; SADC region more restrictiveAfrican Union & RECsECDPMPage 33African Union, RECs
Slide34What implications for ECDPM work on migration and development issues? ECDPM
Page 34
Slide35Political Climate / Interests / Political Economy
Page 35
ECDPMEuropean Union External Policy AgendaInternal Debate on CEASEU MSAfrican UnionPolicy Agenda
RECs
RECs
RECs
RECs
Practice
International and Post-2015
ECDPM
Slide36Political Climate / Interests / Political Economy
Page 36
ECDPMEuropean Union External Policy AgendaInternal Debate on CEASEU MSAfrican UnionPolicy Agenda
RECs
RECs
RECs
RECs
Practice
International and Post-2015
Future ECDPM work?
Moving agendas
Slide37RisksECDPM
Page 37
Policy Momentum stays at the global level but no traction nationallyTopic of migration remains politically sensitive in many countries in South and NorthFunding: Already Existing research by ACP- OBSLarger scale research (e.g. OECD)
Opportunities
Increased momentum
Integration of migration in development planning
recognised
more widely
Slide38In which ECDPM areas do you see scope for future ECDPM engagement in the topic of migration and development? What are the opportunities and challenges to look more at the level of practice and feed experiences back to policy level? From the perspective of various
programmes, where do you see the dimension of migration as being relevant?
DiscussionECDPMPage 38
Slide39Thank you
www.ecdpm.org
www.slideshare.net/ecdpmPage 39
Slide40According to World Bank73
million
forced migrants Forced Migrants (international&national)ECDPMPage 40Many more undocumented?