Laurie Starr TANGO International TOPS Program Washington DC January 10 th 2017 Gender norms amp roles Many variations of gender norms and roles What characteristics can we agree on ID: 777791
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Slide1
Integrating Gender in Resilience Programming
Laurie StarrTANGO International/ TOPS Program Washington, D.C.January 10th, 2017
Gender norms & roles
Many variations of gender norms and rolesWhat characteristics can we agree on? socially-constructed – what a society considers appropriate for males and females and learned through socializationaffects women and men in all layers of society (family, community, nation/state). affects all aspects of life (economic, political, social, environmental)
affects how power is used and sharedNot binaryM/F are non-opposing independents (empowering women does not equate to disempowering men)
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Slide3Resilience capacities
Absorptive capacity: the ability to minimize exposure/ sensitivity to shocks and stressors through preventative measures and appropriate coping strategies to avoid permanent, negative impacts. Adaptive capacity: the ability to make proactive, informed choices and changes in response to
external drivers (longer-term social, economic, and environmental change).Transformative capacity:
the ability of systems and structures to provide an enabling environment for systemic change.
(
Béné
C.,
et al. 2014;
Berkes, F., J. Colding and C. Folke. 2003)
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Slide4Resilience
responseCapacities alone are not enough – relies on effective use of capacities (response) by people in all layers of societySense of individual power & agencyPerceived
risk/ opportunity costAspiration/ motivation to adapt in the face of change. Exposure to alternatives to the status quo
Power
dynamics
Political willingness
(
Béné et al. 2015, Frankenberger et al. 2007).
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Slide5Absorptive Capacity -
the ability to manage shocks and stressors in the short term.What influences absorptive capacity? Supportive economic factors (assets holdings, cash savings, and hazard insurance)
Bonding social capitalAccess
to
safety nets (formal and informal)
Availability
of a disaster preparedness and mitigation
program
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Slide6How might gender norms and roles influence ABSORPTIVE
capacities and response? Women: Low rates of ownership and/or control over assets and resources, including equipment/ machines and landMale/ female differences in post-shock asset divestiture.1
Women disproportionally vulnerable to environmental risks due to outmigration of men.2 Higher mortality for women due to gender differences in service access after disaster.
3
Drought
/
deforestation: Increased
burden on women
(more likely to be responsible for fetching water and firewood). Quisumbing, 2015Chindarkar, 2012
Smith, et.al 2014
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Slide7How
might gender norms and roles influence ABSORPTIVE capacities and response? (continued) Inequity in intra-household food distribution > decreased resilience to absorb a health or food security shock/ stressor. Men: higher prevalence of short-term migration as coping strategy.
Men: potentially less access to informal safety nets than women (prevalence of female-centered VSLs, SACCOs, etc.)
Men: potentially less
knowledge
about
post-shock caregiving
needs (illness/
elders/ nutrition) Men: more often last to evacuate Men: based on norms, may choose to deal with stressors in unhealthy ways (drinking, forced sex, violence)
Oxfam, OCHA, 2014
Ibid.
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Slide8Adaptive Capacity –
the ability to make proactive, informed choices in response to longer-term social, economic, and environmental change.What influences adaptive capacity?
exposure to & use of information; human capitalsocial capital (bridging and linking
)
economic factors:
livelihood
and risk
diversification, access to financial resources
, asset ownership (and quality of assets ! e.g., land) Berkes. 2003. Frankenberger, et al.. 2013.
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Slide9How might gender norms and roles influence
ADAPTIVE capacities and response? Access to information often occurs in gendered networks. 1 Norms on women’s physical mobility/ other restrictions limit exposure to information.
Women’s reproductive work/ time burden=reduced ability to adopt NRM- CSA practices. 2 Women’s limited
access to and use of
credit
; limited
ownership of and decision-making capacity for productive
assets.
WDB, 2012Ringler
et al. 2014
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Slide10How might gender norms and roles influence ADAPTIVE capacities and response?
Gender stereotypes that inaccurately determine “suitability” of work for men and womenConfidence level/ limited aspiration; acceptance of current norms/role.1
Women: Strong bonding social capital may increase adaptation; limited linking social capital may limit adaptation. Gendered norms regarding male long-term migration (may result in positive or negative response)
World Bank, 2012
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Slide11Transformative Capacity–
the ability of systems and structures to provide an enabling environment for systemic changeWhat influences transformative capacity? Enabling environments: governance
mechanisms, policies/ regulations; equitable cultural and gendered norms Institutional inclusivity: men, women, disadvantaged groups
Access
to key resources that are part of the wider
system:
markets, infrastructure, basic
services.
Social capital that draws on relationships with entities outside of households’ own group (bridging / linking).Availability of social protection mechanisms
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Slide12How might gender norms and roles influence
TRANSFORMATIVE capacities and response?Discriminatory regulation and policy at country level trap women in the role of the “diminished opposite” of men. 1
Low institutional inclusivity in government and decision-making bodies Not culturally-accepted Women’s self-esteem and confidence
Influence of restricted
mobility influences on access to basic services and infrastructure
Migrating males: limited access to
formal safety nets in
communities
Honeywill, 201312
Slide13Common interventions for strengthening resilience capacities
AbsorptiveAdaptive Transformative
DRR/DRM approaches
Encouraging livelihoods diversification
Investments in good governance
Risk-financing mechanisms (e.g., crisis-modifiers)
Encouraging climate change adaptation, climate-smart agriculture
Advocacy for pro-poor
p
olicy/regulation
Improving access to savings
human capital (e.g., skill building, health & nutrition, education)
Improving access to formal social protection mechanisms
Improving access to informal safety
nets
Promoting asset accumulation and diversification
Basic service delivery (e.g., health, education, sanitation, water)
Cash or in-kind transfers
Improving access to financial services
Infrastructure (e.g., markets, roads, communications systems)
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Slide14Examples: Gender-sensitive interventions for strengthening resilience capacities
AbsorptiveAdaptive Transformative
Using distribution points to educate women on DRR
Increase women’s access to and decision-making for
savings.
Increase
women’s decision-making control over the
use of tangible and intangible
household assets.
Encourage women’s active participation and leadership in local government and decision-making
bodies.
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Slide15Examples: Gender-sensitive interventions for strengthening resilience capacities
AbsorptiveAdaptive Transformative
Social networks created in development programs can help with rapid-onset emergency situation response.
Health workers distributed diarrhea kits to mothers in post-cyclone Madagascar.
Use distribution points to
collect gender-specific information for community risk mitigation.
Creating
couples-focused agriculture and HH finance trainings encouraging joint decision-making.
Goat ownership has increased community respect and male support of women’s asset ownership (RWANU)
Changes
in policy aimed to i
ncrease
educational attainment for girls leads to increased HH resilience in years to come.
South Africa renounced a law that expelled pregnant girls from school due to pregnancy.
Chad’s Education for All National Plan promotes the girl-friendly schools concept.
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Slide16Thank you
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