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Integrating Gender in Resilience Programming Integrating Gender in Resilience Programming

Integrating Gender in Resilience Programming - PowerPoint Presentation

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Integrating Gender in Resilience Programming - PPT Presentation

Laurie Starr TANGO International TOPS Program Washington DC January 10 th 2017   Gender norms amp roles Many variations of gender norms and roles What characteristics can we agree on ID: 777791

access gender women norms gender access norms women men social capacities response capacity women

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Slide1

Integrating Gender in Resilience Programming

Laurie StarrTANGO International/ TOPS Program Washington, D.C.January 10th, 2017

 

Slide2

Gender norms & roles

Many variations of gender norms and rolesWhat characteristics can we agree on? socially-constructed – what a society considers appropriate for males and females and learned through socializationaffects women and men in all layers of society (family, community, nation/state). affects all aspects of life (economic, political, social, environmental)

affects how power is used and sharedNot binaryM/F are non-opposing independents (empowering women does not equate to disempowering men)

2

Slide3

Resilience capacities

Absorptive capacity: the ability to minimize exposure/ sensitivity to shocks and stressors through preventative measures and appropriate coping strategies to avoid permanent, negative impacts. Adaptive capacity: the ability to make proactive, informed choices and changes in response to

external drivers (longer-term social, economic, and environmental change).Transformative capacity:

the ability of systems and structures to provide an enabling environment for systemic change.

(

Béné

C.,

et al. 2014;

Berkes, F., J. Colding and C. Folke. 2003)

3

Slide4

Resilience

responseCapacities alone are not enough – relies on effective use of capacities (response) by people in all layers of societySense of individual power & agencyPerceived

risk/ opportunity costAspiration/ motivation to adapt in the face of change. Exposure to alternatives to the status quo

Power

dynamics

Political willingness

(

Béné et al. 2015, Frankenberger et al. 2007).

4

Slide5

Absorptive Capacity -

the ability to manage shocks and stressors in the short term.What influences absorptive capacity? Supportive economic factors (assets holdings, cash savings, and hazard insurance)

Bonding social capitalAccess

to

safety nets (formal and informal)

Availability

of a disaster preparedness and mitigation

program

5

Slide6

How might gender norms and roles influence ABSORPTIVE

capacities and response? Women: Low rates of ownership and/or control over assets and resources, including equipment/ machines and landMale/ female differences in post-shock asset divestiture.1

Women disproportionally vulnerable to environmental risks due to outmigration of men.2 Higher mortality for women due to gender differences in service access after disaster.

3

Drought

/

deforestation: Increased

burden on women

(more likely to be responsible for fetching water and firewood). Quisumbing, 2015Chindarkar, 2012

Smith, et.al 2014

6

Slide7

How

might gender norms and roles influence ABSORPTIVE capacities and response? (continued) Inequity in intra-household food distribution > decreased resilience to absorb a health or food security shock/ stressor. Men: higher prevalence of short-term migration as coping strategy.

Men: potentially less access to informal safety nets than women (prevalence of female-centered VSLs, SACCOs, etc.)

Men: potentially less

knowledge

about

post-shock caregiving

needs (illness/

elders/ nutrition) Men: more often last to evacuate Men: based on norms, may choose to deal with stressors in unhealthy ways (drinking, forced sex, violence)

Oxfam, OCHA, 2014

Ibid.

7

Slide8

Adaptive Capacity –

the ability to make proactive, informed choices in response to longer-term social, economic, and environmental change.What influences adaptive capacity?

exposure to & use of information; human capitalsocial capital (bridging and linking

)

economic factors:

livelihood

and risk

diversification, access to financial resources

, asset ownership (and quality of assets ! e.g., land) Berkes. 2003. Frankenberger, et al.. 2013.

8

Slide9

How might gender norms and roles influence

ADAPTIVE capacities and response? Access to information often occurs in gendered networks. 1 Norms on women’s physical mobility/ other restrictions limit exposure to information.

Women’s reproductive work/ time burden=reduced ability to adopt NRM- CSA practices. 2 Women’s limited

access to and use of

credit

; limited

ownership of and decision-making capacity for productive

assets.

WDB, 2012Ringler

et al. 2014

9

Slide10

How might gender norms and roles influence ADAPTIVE capacities and response?

Gender stereotypes that inaccurately determine “suitability” of work for men and womenConfidence level/ limited aspiration; acceptance of current norms/role.1

Women: Strong bonding social capital may increase adaptation; limited linking social capital may limit adaptation. Gendered norms regarding male long-term migration (may result in positive or negative response)

World Bank, 2012

10

Slide11

Transformative Capacity–

the ability of systems and structures to provide an enabling environment for systemic changeWhat influences transformative capacity? Enabling environments: governance

mechanisms, policies/ regulations; equitable cultural and gendered norms Institutional inclusivity: men, women, disadvantaged groups

Access

to key resources that are part of the wider

system:

markets, infrastructure, basic

services.

Social capital that draws on relationships with entities outside of households’ own group (bridging / linking).Availability of social protection mechanisms

11

Slide12

How might gender norms and roles influence

TRANSFORMATIVE capacities and response?Discriminatory regulation and policy at country level trap women in the role of the “diminished opposite” of men. 1

Low institutional inclusivity in government and decision-making bodies Not culturally-accepted Women’s self-esteem and confidence

Influence of restricted

mobility influences on access to basic services and infrastructure

Migrating males: limited access to

formal safety nets in

communities

Honeywill, 201312

Slide13

Common interventions for strengthening resilience capacities

AbsorptiveAdaptive Transformative

DRR/DRM approaches

Encouraging livelihoods diversification

Investments in good governance

Risk-financing mechanisms (e.g., crisis-modifiers)

Encouraging climate change adaptation, climate-smart agriculture

Advocacy for pro-poor

p

olicy/regulation

Improving access to savings

human capital (e.g., skill building, health & nutrition, education)

Improving access to formal social protection mechanisms

Improving access to informal safety

nets

Promoting asset accumulation and diversification

Basic service delivery (e.g., health, education, sanitation, water)

Cash or in-kind transfers

Improving access to financial services

Infrastructure (e.g., markets, roads, communications systems)

13

Slide14

Examples: Gender-sensitive interventions for strengthening resilience capacities

AbsorptiveAdaptive Transformative

Using distribution points to educate women on DRR

Increase women’s access to and decision-making for

savings.

Increase

women’s decision-making control over the

use of tangible and intangible

household assets.

Encourage women’s active participation and leadership in local government and decision-making

bodies.

14

Slide15

Examples: Gender-sensitive interventions for strengthening resilience capacities

AbsorptiveAdaptive Transformative

Social networks created in development programs can help with rapid-onset emergency situation response.

Health workers distributed diarrhea kits to mothers in post-cyclone Madagascar.

Use distribution points to

collect gender-specific information for community risk mitigation.

Creating

couples-focused agriculture and HH finance trainings encouraging joint decision-making.

Goat ownership has increased community respect and male support of women’s asset ownership (RWANU)

Changes

in policy aimed to i

ncrease

educational attainment for girls leads to increased HH resilience in years to come.

South Africa renounced a law that expelled pregnant girls from school due to pregnancy.

Chad’s Education for All National Plan promotes the girl-friendly schools concept.

15

Slide16

Thank you

16