Companies Act 2013 Accounts Auditors Dividends and Related Party Transactions 12 September 2013 Con tents 2 Background Accounts of Companies Auditors Dividend Related Party Transactions ID: 243644
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FICCICompanies Act, 2013Accounts, Auditors, Dividends and Related Party Transactions
12 September 2013Slide2
Contents2
Background
Accounts of Companies
Auditors
Dividend
Related
Party
Transactions
GlossarySlide3
Accounts of CompaniesSlide4
Financial Year
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Financial Year
[Clause 2(41)]
FY means in relation to any body corporate, the period in respect of which any profit and loss account of the body corporate laid before it in AGM is made up, whether that period is a year or not
FY of a company / body corporate means the period ending on 31st March every year.
In case a company has been incorporated on or after the 1st day of January of a year, the period ending on the 31st day of March of the following year, will be its first financial year
Extension of FY – no longer permissible Exception – A company or body corporate, which is a holding company or a subsidiary of a company incorporated outside India and is required to follow a different FY for consolidation of its accounts outside India, with NCLT approvalTransition period: - 2 years
4
Takeaways:
Aligned with “previous year” under Income Tax Act 1961
Whether
an application will be entertained by NCLT for following a different period as FY by company in India which is an associate company or joint venture company of a foreign
entitySlide5
Financial Statements
5
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Financial
statements
[Clause 2(40)]
Not defined
“financial statement” in relation to a company to include: a balance sheet as at the end of the FY;a profit and loss account / an income and expenditure account for the FY;cash flow statement for the FY;a statement of changes in equity, if applicable; and
any explanatory note annexed to, or forming part of, any document referred to above.Exceptions: for OPC, small company and dormant company cash flow statement excluded
Takeaways:
Legal recognition under Company law for financial statements – aligned with Indian GAAP
Financial statement to give true and fair view of state of affairs of the company and comply with prescribed accounting standards .
Responsibility of CFO to maintain financial statements
Auditor to give report on the financial statements Slide6
Consolidated Financial Statements
6
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Consolidated Financial
statements
[Clause 134(1)]
No such concept.
A company required to give specified information about the financials of a subsidiary - Section 212 report - as part of Director’s report Under the Listing Agreement of SEBI, Consolidated Financial Statement (CFS) is mandatory for listed company If a company has a subsidiary / associate / joint venture, CFS to be prepared and laid before an
AGM in addition to standalone financial statements
Takeaways:
CFS mandatory for all companies Slide7
Audited Accounts7
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Audited Accounts
[Clause 136]
Balance sheet of a holding company to include the following
Balance sheet, P&L, Directors report, Auditors report,
Statement of holding company’s interest etc.
Where the financial year of subsidiary defers from holding company, statement for comparison, details of material changes in respect of fixed assets etc.Audited Accounts of all subsidiaries are required to be prepared and provided to shareholders on requestAudited accounts of the listed companies along with the subsidiaries to be placed on the website
Takeaways:
Accounts of subsidiary to be made available to shareholders on request – step towards striking balance between transparency and ‘need to know’Slide8
Voluntary revision of financial statements
8
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Voluntary
Revision of financial
Statement or BOD’s report
[Clause 131]No specific provisionsBOD may prepare revised financial statement or a revised board report in respect of any of the 3 preceding FYs after obtaining approval of NCLT, if it believes that the financial statement or the BOD report do not comply with the relevant provisions
Takeaways:
Voluntary restatement of financial statement possible – subject to safeguardsSlide9
Mandatory revision of financial statements
9
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Mandatory
re-opening or re-casting of book of accounts by
Statutory Authorities
[Clause 130]
No provision for the re-opening of accounts.A company can re-open its books of accounts or re-cast its financial statements on the below grounds:that the relevant earlier accounts were prepared in a fraudulent manner; oraffairs of the company were mismanaged during the relevant period casting a doubt on the reliability of the financial statements
on an application made by CG, IT authorities, SEBI or any other statutory regulatory body or authority or any person concerned and on an order being made by a Court or NCLT
Takeaways:
Restatement of financial statement in event of fraud legally possible – subject to safeguards – Satyam case Slide10
Maintenance of books10
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Period
for maintenance of Books of Accounts
[Clause 128(5)]
Companies are required to preserve the Books of Account for a period of 8 years
CG may direct keeping books of accounts of a company to be maintained for a period more than 8 years where any investigation has been ordered.
Takeaways:
Regulatory clarity – books etc. to be preserved for more than 8 years in case of pending investigations Slide11
Accounts signing11
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Signing of financial statements
[Clause 134(1)]
Balance sheet and statement of profit and loss to be signed by manager or secretary and by 2 Directors including MD where there is one.
Financial Statements to be signed at least by
Chairperson of the company, if authorized by BOD; or
2 directors including MD, where there is one and CEO if he is a Director, CFO and CS, wherever they are appointed
In case of OPC balance sheet and statement of profit and loss to be signed by 1 director only
Takeaways:
CFO where required to be appointed to sign the financial statements Slide12
Circulation of financial statements to members etc.12
What
needs to be provided
[Clause 136]
Unlisted Company
A copy of the financial statements, CFS if any, auditor’s report and every other document required by law to be annexed or attached to the financial statements, which are to be laid before a company in its general meeting, shall be sent to atleast 21 days before the meeting to:
Every member of the company;
Every trustee for the debenture-holder of any debentures issued by the company; and
All other persons entitled to receive
Listed CompanyIn addition to provisions applicable to an unlisted company, a listed company is required to:Make these documents available for inspection at its registered office during working hours To send a statement containing salient features of such documents in the prescribed form or copies of the documents, as the company may deem fit to shareholders unless they ask for full financial statements. place its financial statement, CFS if any, and all other documents required to be attached thereto, on its website. to provide a copy of separate audited financial statements in respect of each of its subsidiary, to any shareholder of the company who asks for it.PenaltyAny contravention will make the Company liable to penalty of ` 25,000 and every officer who is in default with a penalty of ` 5,000Slide13
Filing of financial statements with
ROC
13
When to file
[Clause
137]
Company to file its financials etc. within 30 days of its adoption at AGM
If the financials etc. are not adopted at the AGM or at adjourned meeting even such un-adopted financials need to be filed with ROC within 30 days from the date of AGM
ROC shall take such un-adopted financials on record as provisional till the financials are adopted in adjourned AGM for that purpose and filed within 30 days from the date of adjourned AGM
Even if AGM of the Company has not been held, the financials etc. has to be filed within 30 days of the last date before which the AGM should have been heldPenaltyIf Company do not file the documents within time or extended time limit, the company is liable to pay a fine of ` 1,000 per day during which default continues subject to maximum ` 10 ,00,000; and MD and CFO, and in their absence, any other director in charge by the BOD with this responsibility, and in the absence of such director, all directors are punishable withimprisonment upto 6 months or with fine of ` 1,00,000 to ` 5,00,000 or with both of the aboveSlide14
AuditorsSlide15
Tenure
15
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Tenure of Auditor -Unlisted Companies
[Clause 139(1)]
To hold office from one AGM to the conclusion of the next AGM
At first AGM
to hold office till conclusion of 6
th AGM, subject to ratification by members at every AGMSubsequent AGMto hold office till conclusion of 6th meeting, subject to ratification by members at every AGM
Tenure of Auditor - Listed and
specified class of c
ompanies
[Clause 139(2)]
To hold office from one AGM to the conclusion of the next AGM
Individual - 1 term of 5 consecutive years
Audit Firm - 2 terms of 5 consecutive years
Cooling off period of 5 years provided before next appointment
Transition
period –3 years
Takeaway
Mandatory rotation of auditors for listed and prescribed classes of companies introduced
As per draft rules - prescribed class of companies
means
all companies other than OPC and small companies . This will mean a large number of auditors will have to be replaced by new auditors once the rotation provisions are enacted. Slide16
Provisions for appointment / rotation
16
Common
conditions for appointment of auditor in listed and classes of companies to be
prescribed :
Incoming audit firm should not have any common partners who were the partners of the outgoing audit firm i.e. the audit firm whose tenure expired in the immediately preceding FY by virtue of mandatory rotation requirement
Rules to be prescribed to state the manner in which the companies shall rotate their auditors
Audit committee of listed and other
prescribed classes
of companies to recommend appointment of an auditorSlide17
Reporting in case of fraud
17
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Reporting
of fraud by auditor to CG
[Clause 143(12)]
No provisions
Auditor is required to report directly to CG where he has reason to believe that an offence involving fraud is committed against the company by the officers or employees of the company
Takeaways:Audit processes to be revamped to be able to detect fraudResponsibilities of auditors increased Slide18
Requirements applicable to all companies
18
First
auditor
First
auditor
to
be appointed by the BOD within 30 days of incorporation of a
company
If the first auditor is not appointed by the BOD as above, the members to appoint the first auditor within 90 days at the EGMTenure of the first auditor shall be upto the conclusion of first AGMAdditional conditionsThe company may resolve:If audit firm is appointed, the audit partner and his team shall rotate at such intervals as may be resolved by membersthat audit shall be conducted by more than 1 auditor (i.e. joint auditor
)1956 Act requires all the partners of the audit firm to be a qualified CA and practicing in India. 2013 Act provides that:Majority of partners practicing in India should be qualified CA;If LLP is appointed as auditor, only partners who are CA shall be authorized to signProcedure and manner of selection of auditor to be prescribed by the RulesAdditional grounds for disqualifications for appointment as auditor providedAn auditor or audit firm who or which has been performing any non-audit services on or before the commencement of 2013 Act shall comply with the above before the closure of the 1st FY after the date of such commencementSlide19
Proscribed services
19
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Don’ts of Auditors
[Clause 144]
No provisions
Auditor cannot provide following services "directly or indirectly" to the company or its holding company or subsidiary company, namely:—
accounting and book keeping services;
internal audit;design and implementation of any financial information system;actuarial servicesinvestment advisory services;investment banking services;
rendering of outsourced financial services;
management services; and
services prescribed under the Rules
Transition
period: To c
omply with the restriction before the closure of the 1st FY after the date of commencement
of 2013 Act
Takeaway
Avenues of providing specified
services
curtailedSlide20
Proscribed services
20
Key Points
For proscribed services
: "Directly
or indirectly" shall include rendering of services by the
auditor
–
Where auditor is an individual - Either himself or through his relative or any other person connected or associated with such individual or through any other entity, whatsoever, in which such individual has significant influence or control, or whose name or trade mark or brand is used by such individualWhere auditor is a firm – Either itself or through any of its partners or through its parent, subsidiary or associate entity or through any other entity, whatsoever, in which the firm or any partner of the firm has significant influence or control, or whose name or trade mark or brand is used by the firm or any of its partners. Takeaway Above restrictions to be applicable even to network of firm / companies having common brand even when partners / owners are differentSlide21
Internal Auditor
21
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Appointment of Internal Auditors [Clause
138]
No provisions
Such class or classes of Companies as may prescribed need to compulsory appoint Internal Auditor to conduct the internal audit of functions and activities of the company.
Qualification of Internal Auditor
[Clause 138]No provisions
Internal Auditor shall either be a chartered accountant or a cost accountant, or such other professional as may be decided by the BOD
Takeaway
CARO contained
provisions requiring auditor’s comments on existence and efficacy of internal
audit system
in case of listed
companies and
/ or companies having
networth >
`
50
lakhs
or average
annual turnover >
`
5 crores for
a period of
3 consecutive FY immediately
preceding the
FY concerned. 2013 Act contains specific provision of appointment of internal auditor
As per draft rules –
prescribed class of companies –
listed companies
; and
public
companies-
with paid-up capital of R
s. 10
crores
or more,
with
outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions exceeding
Rs
. 25
crores
or which have accepted deposits of
Rs
. 25
crores
or more at any point of time during the last FYSlide22
Dividend and DepreciationSlide23
Declaration and Payment of Dividend
23
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Declaration of dividend and
Transfer
to reserves
Dividend can be declared for any FY out of the profits of the company for that FY or previous FY(s) after providing for depreciation. Lower of loss in the previous FY or amount of depreciation to be also adjusted
Mandatory transfer to the reserves of portion of profits of the company for that FY, not less than 10% of its profitsDividend can be declared for any FY out of the profits of the company for that FY or previous FY(s) after providing for depreciation
A company
may
voluntarily transfer a portion of its profits to reserves as considered appropriate. Mandatory transfer to reserves
is not required.
Declaration of dividend in case of inadequate
or absence of profits
In case of inadequacy or absence of profits in
any FY
, the company can declare dividend out of the reserves only after complying with the Companies
(Declaration of Dividend out of Reserves) Rules, 1975, wherein the maximum rate of dividend is prescribed as 10%
In case of inadequacy or absence of profits in any FY, the company can declare dividend out of the accumulated profits earned by it in previous years and transferred to reserves in accordance with the rules to be prescribed.
Dividend can be paid only out of free reserves. Securities premium is not free reserve.Slide24
Declaration and Payment of Dividend
24
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Depreciation
Minimum 95% of original costs to be written off over useful life of asset
Minimum rate as per Schedule XIV
To
be provided as per Schedule II to the Act.
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. Depreciable amount of an asset is the cost of an asset or other amount substituted for cost less its residual value. The useful life of an asset is the period over which the asset is expected to be available for use by an entity or the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by the entity.Rate of depreciation revisedestimated useful life of the assets – if notified for accounting purpose by a regulatory authority constituted under law to be followed
Componentisation
of assets mandated.Slide25
Depreciation – Schedule IIThe useful life of an asset shall not be longer than the useful life and the residual value shall not be higher than that prescribed in Part C of Schedule II to the 2013 Act
In case of prescribed class of
companies whose financial statements comply
with
AS, where the useful
life
or residual value
of an asset
is different from the one mentioned in Part C, it shall disclose the justification
for the sameThe above provisions to apply to intangible assetsWhere cost of part of the asset is significant to its total cost and useful life of that part is different from the useful life of the remaining asset, useful life of that significant part to be determined separatelyAsset used for double shift – depreciation to increase by 50% for the period used Asset used for triple shift – depreciation to increase by 100% for the period used From the date the Schedule II comes into effect, the carrying amount of the asset as on that date—shall be depreciated over the remaining useful life of the asset as per the Schedule IIafter retaining the residual value, shall be recognized in the opening balance of retained earnings where the remaining useful life of an asset is nil25Slide26
Declaration and Payment of Dividend
26
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Unpaid / unclaimed dividend transferred to IEPF
Only dividend which remains unpaid for 7 years is required to be transferred to IEPF.
Where the unpaid / unclaimed dividend has been transferred to Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF), the corresponding shares on which such dividend was unpaid / unclaimed shall also be transferred to IEPF.
IEPF – additional transfers
Application money received for allotment of securities and due for refund – not paid for 7 years
Sale proceeds of fractional shares on merger, bonus for more than 7 years
Redemption amount of preference shares remain unpaid for more than 7 years
Amounts as prescribed in Rules etc.
Takeaway
The shares in respect of which unpaid / unclaimed dividend is transferred to IEPF also stands transferred to IEPF. Under the draft Rules,
voting rights in respect of such shares shall be frozen. Slide27
Declaration and Payment of Dividend
27
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Restrictions on declaration of dividend/ interim dividend
No restrictions are provided for declaring dividend
Interim dividend may be declared out of the surplus in the Profit & Loss Account as well as profits of the FY in which dividend is sought to be declared.
In case company has incurred loss up to the preceding quarter of the current FY then interim dividend shall not be declared at a rate higher than the average dividends declared by the company during the immediately preceding 3 FYs
Failure to comply with provisions relating to acceptance and repayment of deposits will bar the company to declare any dividend during the period of non-complianceSlide28
Failure to distribute dividend
28
Particulars
Penalty
Directors
Imprisonment of 2 years; and
fine >/= INR.
1,000
per day of default
CompanyTo pay simple interest @ 18% p.a. during the period of default
Not an offence (defense
available)
Dividend not paid by reason of the operation of any law;
Directions of
shareholder not complied with and the same
has been communicated to him;
Dispute regarding the right to receive the dividend;
Adjustment
of dividend
by the company against any
sum due to it from the shareholder; or
Failure to pay the dividend or to post the
warrant within the period was not due to any default on the part of
the company.Slide29
Related Party TransactionsSlide30
Related Party Transactions
30
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Scope of Section
[Clause 188(1)]
sale, purchase or supply of any goods or materials;
sale, purchase or supply of any services;
underwriting the subscription of any shares, debentures of a companysale, purchase or supply of any goods or material;
buying, selling or disposing of property of any kind;leasing of property of any kind; availing or rendering of any services; appointment of any agents for purchase or sale of goods, materials, services or property;related party’s appointment to any office or place of profit in the company, its subsidiary company associate company; orunderwriting the subscription of any shares in or derivatives thereof;
Takeaway
List of related
party
transactions widened
Immovable property also brought under the ambit of
related party
transactionsSlide31
Related Party Transactions
31
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Approval
required
[Clause 188(1)]
Prior consent of the BoD
by resolution passed at Board meetingPrior approval of Regional Director, in case the paid-up capital of company is exceeding ` 1 crore
Where a transaction with a related party is (i) not in the ordinary course of business or (ii) is in the ordinary course of business but not on an arm’s length basis:Prior consent of the BOD by a resolution at a board meeting and compliance with the conditions to be prescribed is necessary (limits as per draft rules elaborated in next slide)Prior approval of the shareholders where paid-up capital of company or transaction amount exceeds prescribed limit (limits as per draft rules elaborated in next slide)Related party who is a member of such a company cannot vote on such a special resolutionRequirement of obtaining CG approval for related party transactions done away with'Arm’s length transaction' means a transaction
between 2 related parties that is conducted as if they were unrelated, so that there is no conflict of interest
Takeaway
Removal of taking CG approval for related party will remove the uncertainty in timeline and execution of the related party transactions
Related party transactions at arms
' length price will call for aligning the benchmarking under transfer pricing norms as per Income tax Act for both domestic and international transactionsSlide32
Related Party TransactionsAs per the
draft rules, a company shall enter into any contract or arrangement with a related party
with prior
consent of the BOD by a resolution at a board meeting and
subject to compliance
with the
following conditions :
The
notice of the Board meeting at which the resolution is proposed to be moved shall disclose-
name of the related party and nature of relationship; nature, duration of the contract and particulars of the contract or arrangement;material terms of the contract or arrangement including the value, if any; any advance paid or received for the contract or arrangement, if any; and any other information relevant or important for the BOD to take a decision on the proposed transaction. Where any director is interested in any contract or arrangement with a related party, such director shall not be present at the meeting during discussions on the subject matter of the resolution relating to such contract or arrangement32Slide33
Related Party TransactionsAs per the draft rules, prior approval of the shareholders
will be required for a company to enter
into a contract or arrangement with any related party
where:
Paid-up
share capital
is
Rs
. 1
crore or more; The transaction(s) to be entered into :individually or taken together with previous transactions during a FY, exceeds 5% of annual turnover or 20% of net worth of the company as per the last audited financial statements of the company, whichever is higher, for the following contracts or arrangements:sale, purchase or supply of any goods or material;buying, selling or disposing of property of any kind;leasing of property of any kind; availing or rendering of any services; appointment of any agents for purchase or sale of goods, materials, services or property; orrelates to appointment to any office or place of profit in the company, its subsidiary company or associate company at a monthly remuneration exceeding Rs. 1 lakh; or is for a remuneration for underwriting the subscription of any securities or derivatives thereof of the company exceeding Rs. 10 lakhs 33Slide34
Related Party Transactions
34
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Specified persons
with whom contracts are covered
[Clause 2(76)]
Director of the Company
Relative of such directorA firm in which such director or relative is a partnerAny other partner of such firm in which director or relative is a partnerPrivate Company in which such director is a director or member
“Related Party” :director or his relative;KMP or his relative;firm, in which a director, manager or his relative is a partner;private company in which a director or manager is a member or director ;
public company in which a director or manager is a director or holds along with his relatives, more than 2% of its paid-up share capital;
any body corporate whose BoD, managing director, or manager is accustomed to act in accordance with the advice, directions or instructions of a director or manager;
any person under whose advice, directions or instructions a director or manager is accustomed to act;
any company which is—
a holding, subsidiary or an associate company of such company; or
a subsidiary of a holding company to which it is also a subsidiary
such other persons as may be prescribed
Takeaway
The scope of related party is substantially expanded to ensure interest of shareholders. As
per draft rules
–
“other prescribed
persons
“
means a director
or
KMP of
the holding, subsidiary or associate company of such company or his
relative or any
person appointed in senior management in the company or its holding, subsidiary or
associate
company. Slide35
Related Party Transactions
35
Particulars
Companies Act 1956
Companies Act 2013
Non-cash transaction with directors
[Clause 192]
No
such restriction
Non-cash transaction with a director of the company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company or a person connected for acquisition or sale of assets allowed only with prior approval of the members in a general meeting and supported by values determined by Registered valuers
Exemptions[Proviso to Clause 188(1)]Purchase/Sale of goods and materials for cash at prevailing market price.
Purchase/Sale of goods and materials
or services the cost of which does not exceed
`
5,000/- in any year during the period of contract
Any transaction of banking / insurance company in the ordinary course of such company
Any transaction entered by company in its ordinary course of business which are on arm’s length basis
Takeaway
Justification to be provided in BOD report for related party transaction – more onus on
BODSlide36
Glossary
AGM: Annual General Meeting
BOD: Board of Directors
CA: Chartered Accountant
CARO: Companies (Auditor's Report) Order 2003
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CFO: Chief Finance Officer
CFS:
Consolidated Financial StatementCG: Central GovernmentFY: Financial YearKMP: Key Managerial PersonnelMD: Managing DirectorNCLT: National Company Law TribunalOPC: One Person Company
ROC: Registrar of CompaniesSEBI: Securities and Exchange Board of India36Slide37
THANK YOU
37Slide38