Introduction to Rome - PowerPoint Presentation

Introduction to Rome“Mos Maiorum”

Outline Pre-history Until 753 BC Monarchy 753- 509 BC Republic 509- 27 BC Empire 27 BC-476 BC

Review map and regions Read Etruscan paper and graphic organizer Discuss/ review geography and DBQ

Fill in the map with the correct label and color for the correct people groups in Italy: Etruria Umbria Latium Campania Cis Alpine Gaul Magna Graecia

Mythological and Historical: The Monarchy Trojan War connection Founding of Rome 753 Romulus 753-716 BC Asylum for criminals and debtors Rape of the Sabine Women Compromise reached but Romulus handed out land unfairly Titus Tatius marches Tarpeian Rock Romulus wins-builds Temple to Jupiter Stator Joint rule for 5 years400 senatorsMatronalia and Carmens and LupercaliaVestal Virgins

Romulus Cont’d 753-716 BC Achievements of the reign of Romulus Sabine influence 400 senators Matronalia and Carmens and Lupercalia Vestal Virgins 12 lictors Toga praetextaPomeriumSenatePatricians and Client-Patron SystemThree tribes (Latin, Sabine, Etruscan names) and 10 Curiae eachJupiter Stator TempleQuirites-new name for Roman Citizens

Numa Pomilius 714-673 BC Numa Pomilius Sabine King Born April 21 st Lived in retirement in the country after the passing of his father and wife Refused to be king as he was too peaceful Talked with EgeriaPax deorumAchievements IconoclastSacrifices of agricultureCreated the Pontifices Built the Regia (Temple of Vesta, domus Publica and house of the kings and seat of the Pontifex Maximus) Priesthoods (Flamines) Jupiter (flamen Dialis), Mars, Flamen Quirinalis Salii Rules for Vestal Virgins and increased from 2 to 4 Public ritualsTemple of Janus12 month lunar calendarFas and nefas

Tullus Hostilius 673-642 BC More warlike than Romulus War with Alba Longa Both participated in border raids Alba Longa controlled Latin League Mettius Fufetius-ruler of Alba Longa Story of the Horatii and the Curiatii Mettius Fufetius refused to aid the Romans and was quartered Citizens of Alba Longa incorporated into Rome Achievements Created the Curia or Senate House

Ancus Marcius 642-617 BC Grandson of Numa Brought war upon the Latins for seeing him as weak Achievements Procedure for declaring a just war First Roman colony at Ostia (salt pans) Carcer Fortified the Janiculum Built the Pons Sublicius to connect the Janiculum and Palatine to communicate with soldiers

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the elder) 616-579 BC Original name-Lucumo Greek from Etruscan Tarquinii Good friends with Ancus Marcius “Honest man” who gains the throne Achievements Tradition of Ludi or Roman games beginsBuilds the Circus maximusLudiTemple to Jupiter on CapitolineBegins to drains forumtires to build walls around city Sibyl books 300 in Senate Adopts Servius Tullius Two assassins of the son of Ancus Marcius kill him

Servius Tullius 575-535 BC Name means servant Marries daughter, Tarquinia, of Tarquin the Elder Has two daughters, Tullia Major and Tullia Minor 5 classes based on wealth Use to form comitia centuriata Census30 tribesServian WallAdded the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills to the city. This made 7 totalMurdered by his daughter Tullia Minor and her brother-in-law Tarquinius

Fall of the Monarchs Tarquin Superbus (the Proud) Cloaca Maxima Temple to Jupiter on the Capitoline The End Rape of Lucretia Tarquin fled to Etruria to ally with King of Clusium Battle with Lars Porsenna Legend of Horatius Porsenna tries to enter by the Pons SublicusLays siege to the citadel Legend of Gaius Mucius aka ScaevolaLegend of Cloelia

The Benefits of the Etruscans Toga picta Fasces (imperium) Musical Instruments Political and military reforms via the “kings” Religious reforms Haruspices Women at dinner parties Building projectsarch/domeTile roofsMinerva-similar to Athena Trade: metal-working, ceramics, carpentry

Pons Sublicus Forum Boarium Forum Circus Maximus

Temple of concord

New Constitution Res publica (matters of the public) Two Consuls and a dictator Executive magistrates Only open to patricians until 367 BC Office of King prohibited Pontifex Maximus created (was the king’s job before)

The Conflict of the Orders: Patricians vs. Plebeians Upper Class/Patricians Originated from religious officiants 130 families Dominated religious life and priestly offices Senatorial Class Wealthy land owners EquitesMajority of PatriciansParticipated in tradePlebeians (Middle Class)Anyone not a PatricianBackbone of Rome Fight in military Lower Class Proletariat Freedmen Patron-client relationshipPatronHelped in finances, legal and business problems Represent a client in court or provide a jurist to do thisProvide breakfast every day for his clientsHelp get a client started on a political careerServed to strengthen the power of the nobles.Client Many would be former slaves- freedmen Provided campaign money, legal money, ransom money if kidnapped, bail out money Accompany his patron to the forum

Conflict of the Orders: Causes Political Patricians took political jobs Weren’t paid jobs Patrons bribed clients to vote Be in Rome to vote Economic Recession and debts due to:Wars disrupted farming and destroyed landPlebs going into debt because they can’t farm or are away from their farmSold into debt slavery or even deathNo pay for military serviceShortage of farmlandHigh-interest ratesLack of war profits Solution Succession Patron-client relationship

Plebs gain ground: Strikes, assemblies, and one law to rule them all Organized secessions Created tribunes (tribuni plebis) 494 BC Protect common people from abuses of power Intercessio Sacrosanct Prevent arbitrary arrests Formed Concilium Plebis Tributum Recognized in 471 BC

Plebeian Gains Decemvirate 451-449 BC Twelve Tables 449 BC Civil and Criminal Law Basis of ius civile but situational cases Legal Procedure Fundamental Text into the Middle Ages Civil RightsRights of familiesRights of womenTrials prior to executionTrade protectionRegulations on burialSlave lawsDebt laws Property Rights Laws for willful or accidental destruction of property Trinoctium laws involving women’s property Laws against defrauding clientsAdvancements in Law Kept patricians from acting unjustlyTribunes became sacrosanct IntercessioAfter vetoing too many laws, the plebs allowed Military Tribunes with Counselor Powers3-5 and the first in 400 BCProvides military and religious leadership Aediles became assistants Unjust Laws remained Consuls last word over military conscription Patricians had secret legal jargon Banned intermarriage Intermarriage ban overturned in 445 BC Wealthy plebs could promote pleb causes in govn’t Patricians married plebs with money New class called Nobiles Novus homo Those who gain the consulship without any ancestors in Senatorial Rank

Plebeian Advances Continued 367 BC Leges Liciniae Sexitae One of the consuls had to be plebeian but would only be standard after 342 Praetorship was created Novus homo 287 BC Lex Hortensia Plebiscite recognized as having the force of law and binding on all Romans Didn’t require Senate’s sanction 149 BC Tribunes able to become Senators

Cursus Honorum Res Publica SPQR Goal: consul or praetor Only Patricians until 337 BC Began as a quaestor Imperium : authority in civil and religious matters Sella curulis: chair used by consuls, praetors, and curule aediles

Cursus Honorum Quaestors Financial matters State revenues, payments Assigned to a praetor or consul in war 80 BC could become a Senator Age 30 Aediles Subordinates of the tribunesMaintained public roads and worksWeights and measuresCura annonaeSupply games and entertainment Praetor Administered justice and commanded armies 8 total; age 39 Junior colleagues of the consuls6 lictorsSella curulisElected by the comitia centuriataHad to wait three years before becoming a consul

Cursus Honorum Consuls Powers Head of state, commanded the army, and led in civil and political matters Propose laws, Veto power, imperium, made treaties 12 lictors and the sella curulis Limitations Only patricians until 337 BC, convened the Senate and assembliesElected by Comitia CenturiataLimited to one yearVeto by tribunesSought advice of the Senate Minimum age was 42 Dictator (magister populi) 6 month term or until crisis ended 24 lictors Represent both consulsSubject to veto after 300 BCSenate recommends a dictator and Consuls nominate CensorElected every years for an 18 month term every 5 yearsTook a “census” and counted the wealth No imperiumPerformed lustrum and in charge of morals Lex Orchia Lictors Carried the fasces

Senators/Senate Former magistrates for a lifetime Unless a censor exiles or he fails to maintain the right amount of property Composition Chosen by the consuls (later the censors) from the ranks of the magistrates Former praetors (recommended by a current consul or dictator ) Chaired by the consul on alternate months-specific order of discussionEventually wealthy plebs and equestrians PowersAdvisory body on military, legal, political, foreign, domestic, and religious matters Constulta and auctoritas Vetoes laws by popular assemblies but that eventually lapsed Determined expenditures and tribute rates Solved diplomatic disputesApproved laws passed in popular assemblies Approved treatiesAppointed governor to provinces Possessed martial law

The Assemblies Senate Established under Romulus as an advisory body Approve laws, treaties, appoint governors Comitia Curiata (Assembly of Divisions) Used only during monarchy Based on 3 tribes (or curiae) of patricians Ratify king Comitia Centuriata (Assembly of Centuries) Attributed to Servius Tullius and arranged by wealth 6 Classes divided into centuries of 100 people & each cen. got one voteWealthier centuries/classes voted first…plebs rarely got a voteElected censors, consuls, praetorsEnacted laws; declared war and peace

Assemblies continued Comitia Tributa (Tribal Assembly) Major assembly and arranged by tribes (30-35 tribes ) Included both patricians and plebs Elected quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes Enacted laws and held minor trials Concilium Plebis Tributum (Tribal Council of the Plebeians) Elected tribunes, plebeian aediles, and created plebiscites Recognized in 471 BC and tribunes became sacrosanct in 445 BCConvene the Senate, disrupt magistrate elections, stop troops, use veto, and suspend the SenateIn 367 BC, plebs admitted to consulship- first one in 337 BCIn 287 BC, plebiscites became laws thus ending the Struggle of the Orders

CultureCalendar: March, April, May, June, Quintilias , Sextilis , September, October, Novermber, December Troops sent out on campaign in March Kalends the first day of the month Nones on the 7thIdes on the 13th or the 15th

Sources Livy, a b urbe condita (From the C ity’s Origins), covers: 753- 293 BCDionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, covers 753- 443 BC Cicero, de republica (the concerns of the people), early political development Cassius Dio, fragments and a summary survive until Punic War and more complete until 3rd century AD Plutarch: Parallel LivesPolybius: the rise of Rome during the Punic WarsSallust: War with Jugurtha and T he Conspiracy of Catiline Caesar’s Gallic War Suetonius: Lives of the Twelve CaesarsTacitus: Annals and Histories during the 1st century Josephus: The Jewish War

Geography