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Nigeria: Sovereignty Nigeria: Sovereignty

Nigeria: Sovereignty - PowerPoint Presentation

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Nigeria: Sovereignty - PPT Presentation

Authority and Power AP Comparative Government National Question Despite being independent since 1960 Nigeria deals with a national question as to the direction the government should move ID: 505168

political military nigeria rule military political rule nigeria government sharia 1960 traditions groups country power nigerian ethnic trade legitimacy

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Nigeria: Sovereignty, Authority and Power

AP Comparative GovernmentSlide2

National Question

Despite being independent since 1960, Nigeria deals with a

“national question”

as to the direction the government should move

Within this issue lies regional disagreements and hostilities

Problems are often resolved through military force and authoritarian leadersSlide3

Constitutionalism

In 1914 Nigeria wrote their first constitution

They have written 8 different constitutions since 1914.

The most recent Constitution was written in 1999

This document has been heavily amended

Because of this rapid change, the Nigerian Constitution does not hold the type of reverence and respect as the U.S. Constitution

The government often feels they can suspend constitutional provisions when they see fitSlide4

Legitimacy

Because of the “national question” Nigeria has strong impulses toward fragmentation

This means the country gravitates toward ethnic, regional, and religious lines

The military is a national entity and has provided stability to the country despite the fact that their contributions to the “national question” have created division

This stability lends itself to the perspective that the military has the right to rule

The majority of Nigerian presidents have been generals or have had military experienceSlide5

Legitimacy

Due to the lack of legitimacy in government, many people do not trust political leaders

This has largely stemmed from their treatment as a colonial entity and later their treatment under authoritarian military rule

The military has not been to rule of law and largely did as they pleased

Generals

Ibrahim Babangida

(1985-1993) and

Sani Abacha

(1993-1998) alienated citizens with their corrupt rule

Tax money went straight into their pockets and not towards the improvement of the countrySlide6

Legitimacy

Sharia has been a source of legitimacy in Nigeria, especially since the end of military rule in 1999

Sharia was carried out swiftly and harshly in the North, but since 2008 the federal government has cracked down on Hisbah (police charged with enforcing Islamic morality) and rarely enforce the harshest aspects of sharia

Sharia is often used to further society

Laws that allow for women to gain Islamic education mixed with math and reading skills

There are also laws based on sharia that promote cleanliness and recycling Slide7

Political Traditions 800-1860

Trade Connections-

The Niger River and access to the ocean allowed contact and trade with other civilizations

There were also trade networks across the Sahara

Early Influence of Islam-

Because of contact through trade, Islamic ideals proliferated throughout Nigeria

Under early influences of Islam, sharia, governed politics, and authority and policymaking by the elite were established

In these early years of Nigeria, women were looked at as subordinate

Kinship-based politics-

Political organization rarely went beyond the village level

Business and politics was often handled through family tiesSlide8

Political Traditions 800-1860

Complex political identities-

There is very little clear cut distinction between centralized state and local governance during this time period

Tribes and kingdoms quickly merged with each other in an attempt to gain more trade power

Democratic impulses-

Prior to the colonial period of Nigerian history, rulers were expected to seek advise and to govern in the best interest of the people

If they did not, they were removed from their positionsSlide9

Political Traditions Colonial Era (1860-1960)

Authoritarian Rule-

Chiefs and other natives were left in charge during this time period and were only accountable to the British

This made the rulers less responsible to the people

The Interventionist state-

The colonialists trained chiefs to operate their governments in order to reach economic goals

It was expected that citizens should passively accept the actions of their rulers

Individualism-

This pushed Chiefs to value personal benefits of governance, rather than the good of the whole communitySlide10

Political Traditions Colonial Era (1860-1960)

Christianity-

The British brought their religion with them and spread it through the south and west of the country

This lead to great conflict between the Islamic areas of the country

Intensification of ethnic politics-

Three main ethnic groups dominated during this time period. They included the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and

Yaruba

The British government pitted this groups against each other by promising jobs and gifts to some but not others

Ethnicity also became charged as race was a way of rallying groups against the BritishSlide11

Political Traditions The Era Since Independence (1960-now)

From 1960-1979, Nigeria used a parliamentary system of government

Because of wide ethnic issues, a majority was hard to come by

In 1979, Nigeria switched to a presidential system with a popularly-elected president

A separate legislature and judiciary were also created

These branches have had very little ability to check the power of the presidentSlide12

Political Traditions The Era Since Independence (1960-now)

In 1966, military tactics were used to seize power as rival groups sought supremacy in the government

Agiyi Ironsi was the first military ruler and justified his rule by announcing his intention to end violence and stop corruption

Ironsi was assassinated by another general and the

Biafra

Civil War broke out

Military rule prevailed and the idea of rule for personal gain continued

In order to pacify the various groups throughout Nigeria, a federal system was set up

This federal system was very unsuccessful and power was really centered in the military rule

Nigeria also has huge oil reserves that have caused instability and military rulers have attempted to put those reserves under their powerSlide13

Political Culture

Patron-Clientelism-

The use of favors to achieve goals is a large part of Nigerian culture

State Control/Rich Civil Society-

While the government has always tried to dominate all aspects of a citizens life, they have been unsuccessful

There are many formal and informal ethnic and religious associations, professional and labor groups, and other NGO’s

Tension Between Modernity and Tradition-

Nigerian’s have striven to become a modern state, but their status as a colony and the history of military dictatorship has hindered their push

Religious Conflict-

Islam began to influence the region in the 11

th

century

The conflict with Christianity, which arrived much later, has cause both social and political issues (

sharia

v non-

sharia

)Slide14

Political and Economic Change (1960-Present)

Prior to Nigerian independence, the British tried to train the people to rule themselves

Nigerians were part of the bureaucracy and learned government functionality

The military dictatorships established in 1966 set a precedent that regimes would change quickly

In 1999 Olusegun Obasanjo was democratically elected to the presidency

The elections of 99, 03, and 07 were extremely violent and fraudulent

There was also little nationalism that bound the country together