amp The War of 1812 Naval warfare Line of battle tactics Ships of the line in large fleets Traditional archaic tactics Commerce raiding Captains and crews get from their prizes ID: 298487
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Slide1
Our “Little” Naval Wars
&
The War of 1812Slide2
Naval warfare . . .
Line of battle tactics.
“Ships of the line” in large fleets.
Traditional (archaic) tactics
Commerce raiding.
Captains and crews get $$ from their prizes.Slide3Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9Slide10Slide11Slide12
English Oak
Live OakSlide13
American ships marginally stronger because their hulls were built from live oak and timbers could be shaped instead of joined.
US ships also carried more guns.Slide14Slide15Slide16Slide17
Naval armament
“Long” guns
12, 18, 32, 64 pound shot.
Grapeshot
Chain and bar shot
Carronades ( < c. 800 yards)
Solid ShotSlide18
Naval Guns
Carronade
“Long” GunSlide19
GrapeshotSlide20Slide21
Sliding Bar Shot
and
Chain ShotSlide22
What is the purpose of a navy ?
Destroy your enemy’s fleet
Protect commerce
Project powerSlide23
American commercial interests . . .
Atlantic carrying trade
Whaling
Caribbean trade
MediterraneanSlide24
American naval activity before the War of 1812
1798-1800, Quasi War with France
1801-1805, Tripolitan-American WarSlide25
Quasi War, 1798-1800
1778, Treaty of Alliance between U.S. and France.
1789, French Revolution.
1792, Wars of the French Revolution begin.
France expects the U.S. to honor treaty obligations.
Confined to Caribbean.Slide26
President John Adams ordered military action without a declaration of war.Slide27
Tripolitan-American War, 1801-1805
Napoleonic Wars allow rise of Barbary piracy: Algers, Tunis, TripoliSlide28
1801-1803, American force blockades Tripoli.
1803, new squadron arrives
USS
Philadelphia
runs aground and captured
Feb, 1804, Stephen Decatur sails into Tripoli harbor and burns
PhiladelphiaSlide29
Eaton’s Expedition
William Eaton, Lt. Presley O’Bannon, 8 Marines, 1 midshipman, and100 mercenaries, march on Derne.
Try to restore deposed Pasha of Tripoli
Meanwhile U.S. had paid $60,000 to ransom crew of
Philadelphia . . .Slide30
“ . . . to the shores of Tripoli.”Slide31Slide32
Actions in the Mediterranean . . .
Establish a firm historical tradition for the U.S. Navy.
Provide combat experience on sea and land.Slide33
War
of
1812Slide34
France . . .
French Revolution - 1789
France invaded by Prussia and Austria - 1792
France declared a Republic - 1792
Louis XVI executed - 1793
Napoleon main political power - 1799
Louisiana Purchase - 1803Slide35
Britain vs. France + the U.S.
1803
Franco-British War
Britain imposes a blockade on Europe
French threaten invasion (1803-1805)
Significant desertions from the Royal NavySlide36
War of the Third Coalition
(France vs. Britain, Austria, Sweden, and Russia)
21 October 1805:
Battle of Trafalgar
14 October 1806:
Battle of Jena-AuerstadtSlide37
21 November 1806:
Berlin Decree
, Napoleon declares British Isles under blockade.
7 January,
1807
:
Orders in Council
prohibit neutral trade between enemy-held ports.
October: Sir James Craig, arrives as Governor-in-Chief of Canada
22 June 1807:
Leopard vs. Chesapeake
2 July: Jefferson expels British ships from U.S. waters. Slide38
British Indian policy: pre-emptive alliances
11 November 1807:
Orders in Council
established a "paper blockade"; trade from enemy colonies must go through England first.Slide39
December 1807:
Milan Decree
, Authorizes seizure of neutral vessels sailing from British ports.
Authorizes seizure of any vessel submitting to British search on the high seas.
Peninsular War 1807-1808
14 December 1807: Non-Importation goes into effect.
22 December:
Embargo Act
1 March 1809:
Non-Intercourse ActSlide40
Summer 1809: Botched negotiations with the British.
Napoleon says he will repeal the Berlin and Milan Decrees
1 May 1810: Macon's Bill No. 2
2 November 1810: Madison announces that Non-intercourse against England will begin in 90 days unless Orders repealed.
17 November 1811: Battle of Tippecanoe
Indian power in Northwest Territory destroyed.Slide41
May-December, 1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign
23 June 1812: Britain repeals Orders in Council
1 June 1812: Madison's "War Message"
Vote:
79 / 49 House
19 / 13 Senate
18 June: Madison signs legislation authorizing war.Slide42
Traditional reasons for going to war . . .
Impressment
Violation of neutral rights
British support for Indians on the frontier
American desire for Canada
None of these are supported by the evidence.Slide43
Practical political and commercial problems:
Berlin and Milan Decrees (Napoleon)
Orders in Council (Great Britain)
Our response
:
Embargo Act
Non-Intercourse Act
Macon’s Bill No. 2
French eventually trick us . . . then war.Slide44
War of 1812
U.S. Navy not large enough to hurt the British.
U.S. Navy performs well.
(Largely retrieves American honor.)Slide45
Basic Army issues . . .
Poor military policy.
Poor training and organization.
Poor leadership.
Poor (ignored?) tactics.Slide46Slide47
How it got better . . .
Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott’s training program on the Niagara frontier.
Beginning of a new tactical system
Effective training and leadership
Jackson’s operations in the South.
“Creek War”
New OrleansSlide48
The Battle of New Orleans
8 January 1815Slide49Slide50
Order of Battle, US Forces
(6,000)
7th Infantry
44th Infantry
New Orleans militia
Five “uniformed companies”
Two battalions of free blacks
Louisiana state militia (Governor Claiborne)
William Carroll’s division (TN)
John Thomas’s division (KY)
John Coffee’s mounted brigade (TN)
Thomas Hind’s “Mississippi Dragoons” Jean Lafitte’s pirates USS Carolina (15) and USS Louisiana (16)Slide51
Order of Battle, British Forces
(14,000)
4th (King’s Own)
7th (Royal Fusiliers)
43rd Light Infantry
44th (East Essex)
85th (Bucks Vol. Light Infantry)
95th (Rifles) (-)
21st (Royal North Britain Fusiliers)
93rd Highlanders (Argyle and Sutherland)
1st West Indian
5th West Indian
14th Light Dragoons (dismounted) (-)elements, Royal Artillery (w/ a rocket battery)Royal Marines Naval Brigade
Red = units which had fought Napoleon.Slide52
Timeline
23 December: British land south of New Orleans.
Night, 23-24 December:
Jackson’s attacks.
Jackson forms line along Rodriguez Canal
28 December: British close on US line.
1 January: British artillery attack.
8 January: British attack.Slide53
New Orleans
SwampSlide54
Daniel PattersonSlide55
Daniel Patterson
The British PlanSlide56
Daniel PattersonSlide57
Daniel PattersonSlide58
Daniel PattersonSlide59
Daniel PattersonSlide60
Daniel PattersonSlide61
Lessons Learned (and not learned)
“Proves” our military policy was correct.
Militia would save the day.
Ignores the lessons of the summer of 1814
on the Niagara Frontier.
Force of personality vs. “professional” preparation.Slide62
Military legacy of the War of 1812
An understanding that more attention should be paid to military policy.
Reorganization of the Army (1815 and 1818)
Birth of a new system of drill of the Army.
Coming of age of the U.S. Navy.
Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero.Slide63
Military legacy of the War of 1812
An understanding that more attention should be paid to military policy.
Reorganization of the Army (1815 and 1818)
Birth of a new system of drill of the Army.
Coming of age of the U.S. Navy.
Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero.Slide64
Results:
The U.S. has a greater sense of self.
We are finally free of Great Britain.
Andrew Jackson is a national hero.Slide65
Questions ?