DNA Technology - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

DNA Technology

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Slide2

What

is biotechnology? Biotechnology

=

bios

(life) + logos (study of)Literally ‘the study of tools from living things’

Slide3

What

is

biotechnology?

Biotechnology: is the process of harnessing 'nature's own' biochemical tools to

make

possible

new

products

and

processes

and

provide

solutions

to

society's

ills

Slide4

What

is

biotechnology?

Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms

Any

technique

that

uses living

organisms

or

substances

from

those

organisms

or

substances

from

those

organisms

to

make

or

modify

a

product

, to

improve

plants

or

animals

,

or

to

develop

microorganisms

for

specific

uses

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Stages of

Biotechnology

Ancient

Biotechnology

early history as related to food and shelter, including domesticationClassical

Biotechnology

built

on

ancient

biotechnology

fermentation

promoted

food

production

medicine

Modern

Biotechnology

manipulates

genetic

information

in

organism

genetic

engineering

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Human Genome Project (HGP)1.) HGP = Map of all 30,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes (1988-2003)Information has led to many advances in the fields of medicine, agriculture, bio-engineering2.) An organism’s genome

is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell

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Genetic Engineering DNA Technology1.) Biotechnology refers to technology used to manipulate

DNA

.

2.) The procedures are often referred to as genetic engineering. 

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3.) DNA is the genetic material of all living organisms. All organisms use the same genetic code (A, T, C, G).

Genetic

Engineering

DNA Technology

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Creating Recombinant DNA

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Recombinant DNA-  Recombinant DNA refers to the DNA from the two different organisms.Can be used for creating transgenic organisms, gene therapy, and cloning.

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RECOMBINANT DNA-Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria.-A plasmid is small ring of DNA in a bacterium

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Making

Recombinant Bacteria

1st:Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). -Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes were discovered in

bacteria.Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the DNA of viruses or other bacteria

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Making Recombinant Bacteria

Hundreds of different restriction enzymes have been isolated Each restriction enzyme or RE cuts DNA at a specific base sequence.

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MakingRecombinant BacteriaFor example, EcoRI always cuts DNA at GAATTC as indicated below

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The sequence GAATTC appear three time in the below strand of DNA, so it is cut into four pieces.

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Fragments

of DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes have unpaired nucleotides at the ends called sticky ends.

Sticky

ends have complimentary bases, so they could rejoin.

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Making Recombinant Bacteria

2

nd

: Cut the gene of interest from the organism’s DNA with same “restriction enzyme” (RE).

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Making Recombinant Bacteria

3

rd

: Combine the “sticky ends” of the two DNA pieces together with DNA ligase (enzyme) – also known as gene splicing.This creates a vector = a DNA molecule used to carry a gene of interest from one organism to another.

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Plasmids

& viruses are the most commonly used vectors

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Making Recombinant Bacteria

a

.)

Insert vector into bacteria. b.) The bacteria can now reproduce the recombinant DNA.c.)

The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.

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Benefits of Recombinant BacteriaBacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone.

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Benefits of Recombinant BacteriaBacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.

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REVIEW

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Plasmids

Small circular DNA molecules that can reside in cells.Often contain genes fro resistance to antibiotics.They can spread antibiotic resistanceThey are also used for human benefit.

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Genetic Engineering

Possible because of special enzymes that cut DNAThese enzymes are called RESTRICTION ENZYMES

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DNA Scissors: An Introduction to Restriction EnzymesRestriction enzymes, are proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at or near the recognition site. A nuclease is any enzyme that cuts the phosphodiester bonds of the DNA backbone, and an endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts some where within a DNA molecule.

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Restriction enzymes

were originally discovered through their ability to break down, or restrict, foreign DNA. can distinguish between the DNA normally present in the cell and foreign DNA, such as infecting bacteria virus DNAThe enzymes defend the cell from invasion by cutting the foreign DNA into pieces, rendering the DNA nonfunctional. Restriction enzymes appear to be made exclusively by prokaryotes.

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Restriction enzymes

generally recognize specific DNA sequences of 4 to 6 base pairs. These recognition sites are a palindrome in that the 5’ 3' base sequence is the same on both strands. Most of the enzymes make a cut in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA at a specific position within the recognition site, resulting in a break in the DNA.

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These recognition cleave sites are called

restriction sites.

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Restriction Enzymes

Recognize and cut at specific places along the DNA molecule called restriction sites.Each different restriction enzyme has its own type of site.Restriction site is a 4 or 6 base pair sequence that is a palindrome.A DNA palidrome is a sequence in which the “top strand read from left to right is the same as the bottom strand read from right to left.