Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

Do now: MC on

Enlightened response

To absolutism and then

EAT IT on backSlide2

Absolutism: EAT IT

All over the world from 1450-1750, absolutist Empires began

centralizing their authority over its populace

. Divine right authority (God-granted) coupled with strong militaries extending empires, control over lucrative trade (either overland or maritime) and the centralization of power over one individual who exercised this power with legislation (law making), dispelling any political enemies and the building of monumental architecture to glorify their power and insure their legacy.

At roughly the same time in Europe, a

new bourgeoisie power rich from new trading policies (mercantilism, banking, joint stock companies and guilds) would challenge the power of the Absolutists and come up with ideas to allow more people to participate in government

(

beginnings of more democratic ideas a period called the enlightenme

nt). Thomas Hobbes supported Absolutism identifying a noble obligation (nobles oblige) to take care of the populace while John Locke argued that government should rest wSlide3
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1. King Louis XIV (Bourbon) of France utilized wealth from North American mercantilism to move away from the hustle and bustle of palace and build one of the most lavish palaces in Versailles.Slide5

J. The spending on lavish lifestyle both justified his authority as the “sun-king” yet would serve as a reminder about the tremendous disparities between the rich and the poor which would. Ultimately lead to the French Revolution.Slide6

2. Peter Romanov of Russia centralized his authority and wrestled away power from the Eastern Orthodox church and established a policy of “Westernization” establishing the warm-water port of St. Petersburg and creating Russia’s first great navySlide7

I. Peter would learn from English and Dutch ship builders how to develop a formidable military and become a competitive empire after centuries of isolation and make Russia an empire to be reckoned with while doing away with old superstitious ideas which hindered progressSlide8

3. Tokugawa Ieaysu

decided to centralize Japan’s power in the port of Edo and isolate Japan preventing Japanese from leaving and foreigners from entering except the Dutch which was limited to the port of Nagasaki just once a yearSlide9

H. Japan’s historical isolation during the Age of Exploration, enlightenment and science gave it a distinct disadvantage in the technology field when their limitations would be tested by American Admiral Perry in 1857Slide10

4. England after years of civil war and struggle between Parliament (est. by Magna

Carta) and the monarchy had a glorious revolution which would install the first Bill of Rights illustrating specific freedoms for English citizens.Slide11

G. The English Bill of Rights, influenced by enlightened thinkers, continued England’s tradition of codifying rights and included freedoms of speech, no taxation without representation, freedom to petition, and fair trials to insure little abuse of powerSlide12

5.Spain’s Phillip II (Hapsburg) fighting a series of costly wars of religion including the War of Spanish succession (in the Netherlands) and the 30 years’ War ( a bloody war of the Protestant ReformationSlide13

Costly wars drained the royal treasury of all the gold and silver procured through mercantilism and led to financial hardships, debt and the need to increase crippling taxesSlide14

6. England and the Netherlands forming constitutions to place limit on the monarchs, provide opportunities to the citizenry and allow private ownership in businesses (joint stock companies) and landSlide15

E. Limits on Absolute power helped the English and Dutch prevent against corruption and change government policies of intolerance and bring about democratic changes to enable more people to make decisions and limit the power of the monarchy through some checks and balances (like Montesquieu wrote on)Slide16

7. Ivan the Great (Russia) using the Cossacks (freed serfs) to extend his empire further East and take it from indigenous Siberians using bloody warfare (gunpowder technology).Slide17

D.After throwing off the tyranny of the Golden Horde (Mongols) Ivan consolidated his authority in Moscow and started a campaign of gaining new territories in the East where lands could be used for agriculture and the lucrative fur tradeSlide18

8. Royal patronage of societies to advance research and development in scientific ideas of Isaac Newton, William Harvey and Robert HookeSlide19

C. Royal societies began to develop in coffeehouses and Universities like Oxford and Cambridge to facilitate knowledge in science and mathematics to apply to the newest competitive technologies where science and religion could compromise in the new deist ideas.Slide20

9.The use of navy by the Hapsburg Charles V to utilize colonies in the Americas for land, labor and capital (MercantilismSlide21

B. A strong navy utilizing caravel technology with side mounted cannons made the Spanish Armada one of the most feared until the English Queen’s navy grew more powerfulSlide22

10.The assurance by constitutions in England to provide freedoms of religion, speech , press and trial by jurySlide23

A.The principles of basic freedoms ( spoke about by Voltaire and Rousseau) allowed an informed citizenry to speak out against tyranny and injustice and overthrow it if it is not derived from the consent of the governed (like John Locke spoke of)Slide24

Definition of Absolutism

Divine right theory

king was God’s representative on earthobedience to king = obedience to GodKing could do no wrong

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Signs of Absolute Power

Divine right- claim that power was granted through God

Powerful military- Gunpowder technology establishing empire (maritime for European powers) religious wars were fought. Competition over coloniesHarsh laws- don’t threaten the power of the monarch or…off with your head(must protect power at all costs)Slide27

Characteristics of Absolutism

Title

was inheritedDecisions of king were

finalKing controlled

lawmaking bodyKing controlled all foreign

affairs(wars)

People had

no voiceSlide28

Impact on Politics

Scientific thought & method influenced political theories

Political philosophers believed natural law could be understood by applying reason

Natural law = universal moral lawSlide29

Now what do you do with that power?

Lavish displays of wealth-

if you make the dough, ya gotta

illustrate the “bling”State religon

- if you have divine right, theres

gotta

be one religion to unify all (a

lil

help from the clergy)Mercantilistic- utilizing colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished productsPatronizing arts and science- building universities, libraries and royal societies to advance absolute monarchy Slide30

Louis XIV1643

Most powerful ruler in French history

“L’etat, c’est moi”Sun KingEconomic, political and cultural advancesMercantilism

CONTROLSlide31

Other Absolutes…

Elizabeth I (England) 1558-1603

unified religiondefeated Spanish Armadaconstant struggle because she was a woman

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And still others…

Philip II (Spain)

1556-1598Strengthened Catholic power

Peter I (Russia)

1696-1725Westernization

Russian ExpansionSlide33

Japan

Tokugawa Ieyasu 1867

Unified JapanTamed the daimyo“What is good for me is good for my son.”

Great stability for JapanSlide34

China

Kangxi(1661)

Manchu Dynasty/

QuingReduced government expenses

Gained support of intellectuals by offering jobsPolicy of isolationismSlide35

Gunpowder Empires

Suleiman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Ottoman

Sultan: supreme military and political rulerJanissariesSlide36

Gunpowder Empires…

Abbas the Great (1587-1629)

SafavidLimited the power of “redheads”

Punished corruption in government; promoted officials who proved loyaltySlide37

Enlightened Despots- provided some rights for the people

Catherine the Great (1762-1796)

RussiaCommission to review laws

Religious tolerationAkbar (1556-1605)

MughalReligious freedom

Governed through a bureaucracy of officalsSlide38
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Enlightenment: Reaction to …

18th

Century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of societySlide40

Causes of Enlightenment

Renaissance humanismSecularism- movement away from the church

Democratic reform (creation of legislative bodies and rise of bourgeosie (new wealth class)

Perhaps confuciaism brought back by Jesuit missionariesCoffe

houses and salonsGrowth of universities and royal patronageSlide41

Science and Enlightenment

Popular interest in science spread throughout Europe

More people used science to explain the universe, not the Church

Monarchs set up academies, observatories, museumsSocieties like Royal Society of London

Financial support to scientistsPublished their worksSlide42

Science and Enlightenment

Long-term outcome of scientific development = “enlightenment”

Enlightenment principles:Human reason could be used to discover ways in which humankind could govern itself more effectivelyBelief in the power of knowledge to transform human societySlide43

Science and Enlightenment

Ideas shared by Enlightenment thinkers:

Commitment to open-mindedness & inquiryCritical natureHostility toward established religious and political authority (though in various degrees)Slide44

Science and the Enlightenment

Central theme of the Enlightenment = the idea of progress

Human society = not fixed by tradition or divine commandCan be changed and improved by human action guided by reasonSlide45

Spreading Enlightenment Ideas

Philosophes

= thinkers of the Enlightenment who spread these ideas

Paris = active center of ideasSalons = gatherings in the homes of wealthy patrons --> middle class writers, thinkers, and artists mingled with the nobilitySlide46

Impact on Politics

Scientific thought & method influenced political theories

Political philosophers believed natural law could be understood by applying reason

Natural law = universal moral lawSlide47

Impact on Politics

Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke(doc 2)

In England at the time = struggle between those who wanted an absolute monarchy & those that wanted to govern themselves

vs.Slide48

John Locke

Two Treatises on Government

= essays he wrote that said:

1. People created the government to protect these natural rights

2. Government is responsible to the people

3. If the government doesn’t do it’s job, the people have the right to overthrow it

Influenced Thomas Jefferson when he wrote the Declaration of IndependenceSlide49

Montesquieu(doc 3)

Wrote

The Spirit of the LawsStudied various existing governments

Promoted democracy and separation of powersPower should be equal among the branches; checks and balances

Influenced the U.S. ConstitutionSlide50

Natural Rights also brought about natural law

Scientific Revolution

promoted by Renaissance questioning(inquiry)

Chinese Confucianism (brought by Jesuit missionaries)

Royal societies and universitiesReligious belief that God created natural laws for man to unlock the secrets through a scientific method(Deists)

Printing PressSlide51

Voltaire (doc 7)

Wrote

Candide = challenged the idea that “all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds”

Mocked the Church and the royal courtPromoted religious freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of the pressSlide52

Women & the Enlightenment

At this time:

Ideas of equality and freedom didn’t apply to womenWomen didn’t participate in public life like men

Women were limited to home and the familySmall groups

of women began to speak outMary Wollstonecraft(additional doc) = wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women

= favored equal education for women and men so both could contribute to societySlide53

Impact on Religion: Deism

Voltaire, along with many other Enlightenment thinkers practiced

deismBelief in an abstract and remote Deity

Deity created the world, but doesn’t intervene in history or tamper with natural lawThis Deity = like an engineer

 made the machine, but is now letting it run on its own Slide54

Economic IMpacts

Mercantilism was only for the mother country and individuals began to discus life, liberty and property as basic natural rights.

Adam Smith rights “Wealth of Nations” (1776) where he discusses components of capitalism where governments must be hands-off “laissez-faire” on economic interactions. Believes that the forces of supply and demand will regulate the market and an “invisible hand” will correct any errors in the market.Slide55

Enlightened thinkers

Francis Bacon-

Observation (knowledge is power”

Copernicus- heliocentric theory of sun center of universe

Descartes- I think therefore I amGalileo

-improved telescopes

William Harvey-improved

circulation of blood

Voltaire- freedom of speech “I will defend…Locke-”Life, liberty and property”Newton- Law of gravityRoussea

u- social contact that government has with peopleAdam Smith-Wealth of nations “Laissez Faire” capitalism (no Government in business)Slide56

Natural Rights also brought about natural law

Scientific Revolution

promoted by Renaissance questioning(inquiry)

Chinese Confucianism (brought by Jesuit missionaries)

Royal societies and universitiesReligious belief that God created natural laws for man to unlock the secrets through a scientific method(Deists)

Printing Press

Intellectual property could now be copyrighted for economic gain and competitionSlide57

What about rulers?

Doc #5 Catherine II Empress of Russia ( although considered an enlightened despot who corresponded with Voltaire-doc #7) the purpose is to illustrate that serfs must owe submission to their landlords after a rebellion (Pugachev) with the purpose of restoring old order. This does not seemed so enlightened but why? Does she go against Locke? Montesquieu? Rousseau?Slide58

Absolute strengths

Absolute Weaknesses

Divine right made populace obedient out of fear

Enlightened despots provided some rights to individuals to keep them happy

Mercantilism and war led to increased technologies and wealth for the nation (reduced taxes?)

Westernization under Peter the great led to Russia’s competitiveness on a Global stage

Act of toleration under England’s Elizabeth allowed religious minorities to contribute

Lavish spending on art glorified the Empire and contributed to a sense of nationalism

Trusted advisers helped absolute monarchs make informed decisions

Legislative bodies (like Parliament in England) led a more balanced decision making process providing democratic principles

Limited monarchies in England and the Netherlands promoted science ( Royal societies) private businesses (joint-stock companies) and derived wealth and competitiveness for the empire

Development of warm-water ports helped provided a much needed economic infrastructure for RussiaUse of gunpowder weaponry in waging overland and maritime wars

Strict enforcement of laws prevented dissent and helped rule by absolute fearBuilding of universities and coffeehouses promoted intellectual growth of the enlightenment creating ideas of natural rights(life, liberty and property) and natural laws (scientific principles promoted by deism)A Bill of rights allowed people to be satisfied that they had some say in government and could prevent abuses.

Religious intolerance (revoking Edict of Nantes in France) led to massive emigration and a brain drain.

Costly wars led to the raising of taxes and placing the burden of the 3

rd

Estate (non-clergy and non-nobility)

Monies going strictly into the coffers of the government hindered competition and risk taking by individuals ( capitalism)

Much of the wealth was utilized by the rich and dismissed the needs and services to the majority of the population (rural poor)

Civil Wars led to political and economic instability

Absolutism led to massive corruption and an unequal distribution for both church and state

Censorship policies of the Empire hindered intellectual growth and stunted technological progress

Religion trumped science in many divine right monarchies

The building of the myriad lavish palaces bankrupted some empire and left many of them in deep debt.

Enlightened ideals of basic natural rights (freedoms of speech, press, fair trial, taxation with representation, religion, and others) led the growing bourgeoisie (an economic powerhouse by the 18

th

century) to challenge the supremacy of the nobility and the monarchy.

Peasants and Bourgeoisie took to the streets to protest and revolt against the corruption, brutal taxation and oppression of the Absolutist government.

Revolution gave way to constitutionalism which saw the beginning of the end for absolutism