President Warren Harding Newspaper publisher who became a US senator and then president Campaigned to have America return to normalcy Focus on making America prosperous and less care about foreign policy ID: 510403
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Republican Presidents of the 1920sSlide2
President Warren Harding
Newspaper publisher who became a U.S. senator and then president
Campaigned to have America “return to normalcy”
Focus on making America prosperous and less care about foreign policyFocus on helping American businessHigher tariffs to keep out foreign goodsTaxed foreign goods at 38.5% of their valueOther countries raised tariffs against American goodsLowered taxes for the richBarely regulated businessSlide3
Harding’s Restrictions on Immigration
Immigrants were required to read and write in their native language in order to enter
Keep out the poor, unskilled, and uneducated
Sparked by nativism in the early 1900sEmergency Quota Act of 1921Drastically reduced the number of immigrants coming to the U.S.Each foreign country was assigned a quota 3% of immigrants from that country living in the U.S. in 1910Slide4
Harding’s Foreign Policy
High tariffs
Washington Naval Conference
Conference meant to encourage disarmament between the U.S. and major naval powersJapan and BritainPartial disarmamentJapanese agree because Americans promised not to fortify Guam or PhilippinesFour-Power TreatyU.S., Britain, Japan, and FranceSettle disputes in the Pacific in a joint conference of the four powersSlide5
Harding and German Reparations
Britain and France owed the U.S. $10 billion in loans
They saw it as a gift, saying that the Allies were fighting the war for the U.S.
Germany owed the Allies reparations under the “War Guilt” ClauseBritain and France began using the reparations to repay the U.S.Germany entered a period of hyperinflation and could not make paymentsFrance and Belgium invaded and world teetered on another warSlide6
Harding and German Reparations
Charles Dawes, an American banker, came up with
the Dawes Plan
Americans would lend Germany money to repay reparationsThen Britain and France would use the reparations to pay their loan debt U.S. Investors Wall Street Germany Britain and France U.S. Government Slide7
Harding and Scandal
Harding appointed high ranking cabinet positions to friends
Used these positions for personal and financial gain
Teapot Dome ScandalSecretary of the Interior took control of oil-rich lands at Teapot Dome, WyomingLeased them to businessmen for personal bribesSlide8
President Calvin Coolidge
Symbol of old-fashioned American values
Reduced government spending and regulation
Did not interfere in stock market speculationContinued Restriction on ImmigrationBelieved Northern and Western Europeans were superiorExperts even testified to itImmigration Act of 1924/National Origins ActFurther lowered the number of immigrants and reduced quotas to 2% of the 1890 censusPre-WWI Italian immigration 200,000 immigrants per year
Emergency Quota Act 1921 40,000 per year
National Origins Act 1924 4,000 per yearSlide9
Kellogg-Briand Pact
August 1927
15 nations signed the Pact of Paris
Promised not to use war as a part of foreign policyAllowed nations to engage in defensive wars thoughSlide10
President Herbert Hoover
Ran on a campaign to end poverty in America – irony
Continued most of Harding’s and Coolidge’s policies
More willing to intervene than Coolidge had been, but not muchBelieved in the “rugged individualism” of AmericansAmerican business was improving the standard of livingThe “American System” gave everyone an education and equal opportunity…