Southeast Native American Tribes - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Southeast Native American Tribeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwPrcuo_cUE

2. CherokeesIroquoian speakersrecorded oral tradition told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples wereidentified as one of the most socially and culturally advanced of the Native American tribes Cherokee Nation has more than 314,000 members, the largest of the 566 federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States

3. Five Civilized Tribes“Five Native American Nations”—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole. These are the first five tribes that Anglo-European settlers generally considered to be "civilized" according to their own world viewChristianity, centralized governments, literacy, market participation, written constitutions, intermarriage with white Americans, and plantation slavery practices developed within these nations naggersGallery of the Five Civilized Tribes. The portraits were drawn or painted between 1775 and 1850

4. WhereAppalachian foothills Western Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and northern Georgia and Alabama

5. SocietyMaternally based cultureClans formed around the womenWomen selected leadership positions Owned the landsSuccessful farmers, fishermen and hunters

6. Houses-DwellingsAt the time of contact, the Cherokee were a settled, agricultural people living in approximately 200 fairly, large villages. consisted of 30 to 60 houses and a large council house. permanent, well-organized villages in the midst of extensive cornfields and gardens

7. central plaza used for dances, games, and ceremonies. the council house, or townhouse, held the sacred fire, symbol of the Creator and embodiment of the spirit of the town.

8. Cherokee Summer HouseCherokee Winter House

9. Unlike the nomadic Plains Indians, the Cherokee did not live in tipis (teepees), but lived in homes or houses that resembled their European neighborsCherokee home in the 1800s

10. The Seven Cherokee ClansCherokee tribe are determined by the mother's clan. Children are automatically members of the mother's clan at birth.Each matrilineal clan was run by a council of grandmothers from that clan. The decisions and rulings of the Grandmothers were not to be questioned. The Clan Grandmothers of one clan joined with the Grandmothers of other clans when important decisions needed to be made for the whole village.

11. Each clan had a name that corresponded to the seven levels of spiritual progression of the human spirit as it grew and evolved on the path through life.

12. A-ni-gi-lo-hi or The Long Hair ClanThis Clan, also known as Twister Clan, Hanging Down Clan or Wind Clan. Gilahi is short for an old in fact very old ancient Gitlvgvnahita, the warrior women's society, meaning something that grows from the back of the neck". Those belonging to this Clan wore their hair in elaborate hairdos, walked in a proud and vain manner twisting their shoulders. They are teachers and keepers of tradition. Peace chiefs usually came from this clan at one time in Cherokee history and wore a white feather robe. The Clan color for the AniGilohi is Yellow and their wood is Beech.

13. Ah-ni-(k)a-wi or Deer Clan Those belonging to this Clan were the keepers of the deer, deer hunters and trackers, tanners and seamers, as well as keepers of the deer medicines. They were known to be fast runners and foot messengers. The Clan Color for the Ani Kawi is Brown and their wood is Oak.

14. Ah-ni-tsi-sk-wa or Red Tailed Hawk Clan Those belonging to this Clan (also called the bird clan) were the keepers of the birds, sacred feathers and bird medicines. They were messengers and were very skilled in using blowguns and snares for bird hunting. Their color is Purple, and their wood is Maple

15. Ah-ni-sa-ho-ni or Blue Holly Clan Those belonging to this clan were keepers of all children's medicines and caretakers of medicinal herb gardens. They became known for a medicine from a bluish colored plant called a blue holly, and were so named after it. This Clan has also been known as the Panther or Wild Cat Clan, in some regions. Their color is Blue and their wood is Ash.

16. Ah-ni-wo-di or Paint Clan Those belonging to this Clan made red paint. The tribe's medicine men, Dida:hnvwi:sgi (healers) and Adawehi (wise men), traditionally came from this clan at one time in Cherokee history. The Clan Color for the AniWodi is White and their wood is Locust.

17. Ani'-Wah' Ya or Wolf Clan The Wolf Clan is the largest clan today and the most prominent clan, providing most of the war chiefs, and warriors. True Ani'-Wah' Ya are protectors of the people. The wolf clan are keepers and trackers of the wolf and the only clan who could kill a wolf through special ceremonies and wolf medicines. The Clan color of the AniWaya is Red and their wood is Hickory.

18. Ah-ni-ga-to-ge-wi or Wild Potato Clan Were known to be farmers and gatherers of the wild potato plants in swamps (hence the name gatogewi = "swamp"), along streams, and swamps to make flour or bread for food, and were so named after them. They are keepers and protectors of the earth. The Wild Potato Clan have also been known as the Bear Clan, Raccoon Clan and even "Blind Savannah" in different regions. The Clan color for the AniGatogewi is Green and their wood is Birch.

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20. Historical Health PracticesPractices of the Cherokee people include herb treatments, sweat baths, bleeding, rubbing, and cold baths, which were usually done in nearby running streamsSweat Baths A tribe member would enter a small earth-covered log house, disrobe and immediately sit down next to the boulders which had been heated by a great fire. A concoction of beaten roots of wild parsnip was poured over the boulders. The door to the log house would be closed, allowing the patient to sit in the room with sizzling steamBleedingThe bleeding was performed with a small cupping horn; thus the suction was applied in the ordinary manner, after scarification with a piece of flint or piece of broken glass.Scratching» “Scratching is a painful procedure that is performed with a brier, a flint arrowhead, a rattlesnake’s tooth, or even a piece of glass, according to the nature of the ailment. This practice is performed on the young men for the ball game. The shaman thus uses an implement resembling a comb, having seven teeth made from the sharpened splinters of the leg bone of a turkey. A pattern is utilized in which the scratcher is drawn four times down the upper part of each arm, thus making 28 scratches each about 6 inches in length. This operation is repeated on each arm below the elbow and on each leg above and below the knee. Finally, the implement is drawn across the breast from the two shoulders so as to form a cross; the same pattern is repeated on the back in which the body is thus gashed in nearly 300 places. These scratches did not penetrate deep enough to result in a serious outcome. The blood is allowed to flow freely. The medicine applied appropriately in the wounds is intended to toughen the muscles of the player. The patient then plunges into the stream and washes off the blood

21. The Trail of Tears In 1838 and 1839-Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died. http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears

22. This picture, The Trail of Tears, was painted by Robert Lindneux in 1942. It commemorates the suffering of the Cherokee people under forced removal. If any depictions of the "Trail of Tears" were created at the time of the march, they have not survived.

23. TodayA controversy is being waged now on what constitutes being a member of the tribe. Cherokee ethnicity is complicated by the fact that while still living in the southeast, many Cherokee owned slaves. When they were forced westward into Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears, they took their slaves with them. During the Civil War, the Cherokee aligned with the Confederacy, and after the war they were compelled to free their slaves. These freedmen lived with and intermarried with the Cherokee. In 1906, the Dawes rolls listed all members of the Cherokee tribe. Today, the tribe, in an effort to weed out those who claim falsely to be Cherokee, has established a criterion that one must have an ancestor on the Dawes rolls to be considered Cherokee. This eliminates many Cherokee of African-American descent and several lawsuits have been filed. In addition, some African-Americans who have ancestors on the roll are still being denied tribal benefits. The battle over who is and who isn’t a member of the Cherokee nation continues to be waged.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2FeqFbr66s

24. Choctaw NationThe Choctaw are native to the Southeastern United States members of the Muskogean linguistic familyindigenous language family of the Southeastern United Statestraces its roots to a mound-building, maize-based society that flourished in the Mississippi River Valley for more than a thousand years before European contact.

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26. 200,000 strong, the country’s third largest tribe They were the first Native Americans forced under the Indian Removal Act negotiated the largest area and most desirable lands in Indian Territory. Their early government had three districts, each with its own chief, who together with the town chiefs sat on the National Council. They appointed a Choctaw Delegate to represent them with the US government in Washington, DC

27. 1831 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creekfirst removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Acttreaty ceded about 11 million acres of the Choctaw Nation (now Mississippi) in exchange for about 15 million acres in the Indian territory (now the state of Oklahoma)those Choctaw who chose to stay in the newly formed state of Mississippi were one of the first major non-European ethnic groups to become U.S. citizensThe approximate area that the treaty defined shaded in blue in relation to the future U.S. state of Mississippi.

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29. Choctaw LighthorsemenLighthorsemen were a hard fighting body of men, with a reputation for straight shooting and hard ridingfirst corps were organized in 1824 authority to arrest, try and punish violators of tribal law.20th Century, the Lighthorsemen’s job consisted mainly of keeping peace.Today, a Choctaw Lighthorseman is selected to serve in the Tribal Court system.

30. Members of the Choctaw Lighthorseman

31. During World War I, Choctaw soldiers served in the U.S. military as the first Native American code talkers, using the Choctaw language.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y0mmVxxr3w

32. Woman in Partial Native Dress with Native Choctaw HairstyleWoman Pounding Corn in Wooden MortarPortrait of Two Girls

33. Pisatuntema in Partial Native Dress with Hairstyle and OrnamentAhojeobe or Emil John in Partial Native Dress

34. Muscogee (Creek) Nationbefore 1500 AD, spanned all the region known today as the Southeastern United States.particularly Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and North CarolinaEarly ancestors of the Muscogee constructed magnificent earthen pyramids along the rivers of this region as part of their elaborate ceremonial complexes.

35. Where did the Creek Indians get their name?white settlers called them Creek Indians after Ocmulgee Creek in Georgia. They originally called themselves Isti or Istichata, but began to identify themselves as Muskogee soon after Europeans arrived.

36. not one tribe but a union of several. This union evolved into a confederacy Member tribes were called tribal towns. Within this political structure, each tribal town maintained political autonomy and distinct land holdings. lived in settled villages of single-family houses arranged around a village square. Creek houses were made of plaster and rivercane walls with thatched roofsrivercane frameplastered and thatched

37. period of contact with Europeanstwo geographical areasCoosa and the Tallapoosa rivers, Upper Creeksless effected by European influences and continued to maintain distinctly traditional political and social institutions.Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, the Lower Creeksproximity to the English, the Lower towns were substantially effected by intermarriage and its consequent impact on their political and social order

38. The Road to Removallargely avoided the American Revolution (1775-83)The deerskin trade collapsed due to a shrinking white-tailed deer population. The new state of Georgia consequently viewed Creeks as impediments to the expansion of plantation slavery rather than as partners in trade. Under pressure by Georgia, Creeks ceded their lands east of the Ocmulgee River in the Treaties of New York (1790), Fort Wilkinson (1802), and Washington (1805).

39. Civil War in 1813U.S. troops and state militias entered the conflictdefinitive battle in March 1814 at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, General Andrew Jackson directed the killing of 800 Creeks. The Red Stick War, ended in August 1814 with the Treaty of Fort Jackson. In this agreement the Creeks ceded 22 million acres, including a huge tract in southern Georgia.

40. How is the Creek Indian nation organized today?There are two Creek tribes today. The Poarch Creeks in Alabama live on a reservation, which is land that belongs to the tribe and is under their control. The Oklahoma Creeks live on trust land. The Creek Nation has its own government, laws, police, and other services, like a small country. However, the Creeks are also US citizens and must obey American law.

41. Creek StickballThe Creek play two versions of stickballCreek games are played around a single 5-10 meter pole which is topped with a brightly painted animal skull and whose top 60 cm are delimited by a bright blue ring of paint. To score you must hit the pole above the blue ring, or better yet, hit the skull atop the pole. Games are played to four points. second version is a match game played between men in the late summer/early fall after the final all-night dance of the ceremonial cycle. This Creek match game is played in an open field, adjacent to the ceremonial ground with two goal posts and men divided equally, forming squads representing East and West. Men from other ceremonial towns are invited to play with the host ceremonial ground. Style of play, rules and scoring are very similar to Cherokee style games, however, Creek men handle the ball only with their sticks.

42. Chickasaw Indiansoriginal people of the American southeastMississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri. Most Chickasaws were forced to move to Oklahoma in the 1800's, and their descendants live in Oklahoma today

43. Language Chickasaw is a rhythmic language that is very similar to Choctaw. Speakers of the two languages can understand each other without much difficulty. "chokma" (pronounced choke-mah) is a friendly greeting"ayali" (pronounced ah-yah-lee) means 'goodbye

44. lived in settled villages of houses and small farms. Chickasaw houses were made of plaster and rivercane walls with thatched roofsChickasaw villages were often surrounded by palisades (reinforced walls made of tree trunks) to guard against attack

45. ClothingChickasaw men wore a breechcloth, sometimes with leather leggings to protect their legs breechcloth is a long rectangular piece of tanned deerskin, cloth, or animal fur. It is worn between the legs and tucked over a belt, so that the flaps fall down in front and behind. leggings are tube-like footless pant legs, usually made from buckskin or other soft leather.Chickasaw women wore wraparound skirts made of woven fiber or deerskin

46. Chickasaw men usually shaved their heads except for a single scalplock, would also wear a hair roach. (These headdresses were made of porcupine hair, not their sharp quills!) Chickasaw women often tied their hair up on top of their heads with strings of beads. Chickasaw men tattooed themselves with special patterns in honor of their accomplishments, and the Chickasaws often painted their faces and bodies bright colors during battles and festivals.

47. Seminole TribeIt comes from a Spanish word meaning "wild." In the 1700's, many Indians from Georgia and Florida tribes--Creeks, Miccosukees (http://dictionary.reference.com/misspelling?term=miccosukees&s=t), Hitchitis, and Oconees--joined together for protection.These tribes originally had unique cultural identities, but they soon merged into a unified Seminole nation

48. The Seminoles lived in Florida. They started out in northern Florida, but when the Americans attacked them, the Seminole tribe retreated further south, into the Everglades. Some Seminole people were forced to move to Oklahoma in the 1800's along with other eastern tribes.

49. Seminole culture Green Corn Dance annual maize harvest for religious, social, and organizational purposes end of the maize harvest, communally placing their young or "green" corn in huge earth ovens, where the entire tribe's maize harvest would be cooked over several daysFew non-Indians have witnessed a Green Corn Dance, a special spiritual event held at undisclosed South Florida locations each spring. Most Native Americans have a similar event within their cultures, stemming from traditional expressions of gratitude to the Creator for providing food. At the Green Corn Dance, Seminoles participate in purification and manhood ceremonies. Tribal disputes are also settled during this time. Men and women separate into different "camps" according to their clans. In earlier times, the Green Corn Dance marked an important occasion when Seminoles from different camps and areas would get together. The gathering will include hours and hours of "stomp dancing," the methodical, weaving, single file style of dancing traditional to Seminole Indians. Following behind a chanting medicine man or "leader," a string of male dancers will "answer" each exhortation, while women dancers quietly shuffle with them, shakers tied to their legs. Several troupes of Seminole Stomp Dancers occasionally appear at public events, demonstrating the "fire ant," "crow," "catfish" and other Seminole social stomp dances.

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51. Chickees shelter supported by posts, with a raised floor, a thatched roof and open sides.

52. Seminole Wars (1818–1858)tribe was first confined to a large reservation in the center of the Florida peninsula by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek (1823)1842, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles had been forced to move to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.Third Seminole War (1855-1858) fewer than 200 Seminoles remained in Florida American Civil Warmost of the Oklahoma Seminole allied with the Confederacy, after which they had to sign a new treaty with the U.S., including freedom and tribal membership for the Black Seminole

53. Seminole family of tribal elder, Cypress Tiger, at their camp near Kendall, Florida, 1916. Photo taken by botanist, John Kunkel SmallA Seminole spearing a garfish from a dugout, Florida, 1930