TOK LAJM TASK What is science Try to give a general definition of science Dont use any assistive devices What is science 1 Research process 2 Body of knowledge that is acquired through the use of scientific research process ID: 779841
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Slide1
NATURAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES
TOK LAJMSlide2
TASK
What is science?
Try to give a general definition of science
Don’t use any assistive devices!Slide3
What is science?
(1)
Research process
(2) Body of knowledge
that is acquired through the use of scientific research process
Common criteria for scientific knowledge
(1) Objectivity
(2) Autonomy
(3) Publicity
(4) Progressivity
(5) Criticality
(6) FalsifiabilitySlide4
Science and pseudoscience
Pseudoscience
looks like a real science, but does NOT meet the criteria for scientific knowledge
How to differentiate
pseudoscience from
real science?Slide5
TASK
What kind of pseudo-sciences do you know?
Search for examples from the internet and focus on one
How the pseudoscience does NOT
meet the criteria for scientific knowledge?Slide6
Karl Popper (1902–1994)
Science cannot be right all the time
Only a theory that can be
proven wrong is a scientific theory
”
If science is true, it ceases to be science
”
FALSIFICATIONISMSlide7
Aim
of
natural
sciences
The natural sciences seek to discover
laws of nature
–
regularities
in the natural world
”If A, then B”
Mathematical precisionSlide8
TASK
What is meant by:
Hypothesis
Deductive reasoning
EmpiricalSlide9
Hypothetico-deductive method
(1) Create a
research problem/question
(2) Form a
hypothesis
(3) Build a
deductive inference
(4)
Test
the hypothesis with
empirical methods(5) State the resultsSlide10
TASK
Create a hypothesis and design a
research plan
to empirically test the hypothesis with scientific method
Describe the stages
of your research
Mere
research plan
is enough!
Example hypotheses:
(1) Sunbathing causes skin cancer
(2) Amount carbon dioxide in the atmosphere influences global warming
(3) If you increase temperature, then solubility of salt will increaseSlide11
Hypothetico-deductive method
We
CANNOT
prove the hypothesis
right
based on the test results
We can only prove the hypothesis
wrong
FalsificationismSlide12
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
”
No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong
”Slide13
TASK
What are the WOKs used in natural sciences?
How are they specifically used in natural sciences?
Provide concrete examplesSlide14
TASK
What kind of a meaning can natural sciences have for an individual and their personal knowledge?
Why are some people suspicious of scientific findings, and to what extend are they justifiable?Slide15
Aim
of
human
sciences
The human sciences explain
human behaviour
, predict it and develop remedies for the problems identified by those predictionsSlide16
TASK
Create groups
Each group should contain at least one student of
psychology
and/or
economics
Students of human sciences should work as
mentors
within the groups
In addition, each group should contain at least one student of
physics
,
chemistry
and/or
biologySlide17
TASK
What is the relationship between the human sciences and natural sciences?
What are the differences, similarities and overlaps between natural and human sciences?Slide18
Comparison
between
natural
and
human
sciences
The human sciences
CAN
use the scientific method to test hypothesis
However, the phenomena they try to explain might
NOT
possess laws that admit no exceptions Slide19
TASK
Is human behaviour explainable with natural science like laws?
Is it even possible to create natural science like laws concerning human behaviour?
What problems arise?Slide20
TASK
Find explicit means to research the phenomena on the right both
quantitatively
and qualitatively
Use the teacher’s handout for inspiration
Write down your research methods
Love
Aggression
Giftedness (choose the area of talent)
Road rage
Mutual respect
Prejudice (choose the area of prejudice)Slide21
TASK
To what extent can human sciences be
objective
?
Is there always some bias in human sciences?
If humans study humans, can the research ever be objective?Slide22
TASK
Volunteer psychology and economics students, please, come to the front of the class
How is your perception of the world affected by human sciences?Slide23
TASK
What kind of
knowledge questions
can you create based on what you have learned from natural and human sciences?
Can you incorporate WOKs into your KQ?
How can you connect these and other AOKs?Slide24
Picture
sources
Science <http://
www.brstf.org
>
Accessed
24th of October 2015.
Science and pseudoscience <http://
undsci.berkeley.edu
/
article
/
philosophy
>
Accessed
24th of October 2015.
Homeopathy
<http://
www.rosemareehomeopath.co.nz
>
Accessed
24th of October 2015.
Karl
Popper
<
https
://
en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/
Karl_Popper
>
Accessed
24th of October 2015.
Scientific
method
formula <
https
://
layers
-of-
learning.com
/a-
simple
-
introduction
-to-
the
-
scientific-method
/>
Accessed
26th of October 2018.
Tardis
and
scientific
methods
<
http://
www.nndb.com
/people/164/000087900/
>
Accessed
24th of October 2015.
Affirming the consequent <http://
evolutiondismantled.com
/affirming-antecedent-consequent> Accessed 15th of October 2015.
Albert Einstein <
https
://
fi.wikipedia.org
/wiki/
Albert_Einstein
>
Accessed 15th of October 2015.
WOKs
<http://
blogs.osc-ib.com
/
tag
/
ways
-of-
knowing
/>
Accessed
6th of
September
2015.
Suspicios
meme
<
https
://
www.thelostogle.com
/2014/01/22/all-these-suspicious-reports-about-suspicious-items-sure-are-suspicious/>
Accessed
26th of October 2018.Slide25
Picture
sources
Flashbulb head <http://tok17ykim.blogspot.com/2016/04/problems-in-human-
sciences.html
> Accessed 29th of October 2018.
Knowledge framework. TOK-guide, first assessment 2015, page 29.
Zipper head <https://
educationblog.oup.com
/theory-of-knowledge/therapy-wars-and-the-human-sciences> Accessed 29th of October 2018.
Nature human head <http://trapped-by-the-
box.blogspot.com
/2015/05/finding-humans-in-nature-
surreal.html
> Accessed 29th of October 2018.
Bias scale <https://
www.thoughtco.com
/confirmation-bias-250361> Accessed 29th of October 2018.
Interview
<
https
://
au.hudson.com
/
career-advice
/
interview-preparation
>
Accessed
7th of October 2018.
Knowledge questions <https://
tok
-a-
journey.wikispaces.com
/
Knowledge+Questions
> Accessed 25th of September 2017.