Peter J Cotty Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture School of Plant Sciences University of Arizona Tucson Mycotoxins Triple Threat to African Development Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ID: 1033518
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1. Preventing Mycotoxins in the FieldPeter J. CottyAgricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureSchool of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, TucsonMycotoxins: Triple Threat to African DevelopmentWoodrow Wilson International Center for ScholarsWashington, DC, 14 February, 2012
2. During Crop DevelopmentIrrigation, Weed Control, FertilizeBest cultivars, Insect ControlDuring transportRapid, Dry, No DamageDuring ProcessingSort, Cull, Discard, Add binders.During StorageDry, prevent moisture, coolPrevent damage: insects, rodentsPrevent Formation of Dangerous Aflatoxin Levels Protect Crops Until Use
3. A Single application at 10 kg/hectare is enough to consistently reduce aflatoxins in maize, groundnut, and other crops. Nigeria
4. Atoxigenic Isolates Occur Naturally on Crops Isolates useful for biocontrol are endemic in and adapted to target agroecosystems.
5. Percent of A. flavusAflatoxin Produced in Culture (log ppb)Aflatoxin-ProducingPotentialField 1 = Low,3,400 ppbField 2 = High,54,000 ppbAflatoxin Production by A. flavus from Two FieldsFungi Vary Across Areas in Aflatoxin-Producing Ability Farmers apply atoxigenic strains to reduce the average aflatoxin-producing potential of fungi on farms & thus the vulnerability of crops to aflatoxin contamination
6. As AppliedAfterFungal GrowthEither Sorghum, Wheat, or Barley are used.The grain is killed by cooking before use. Sorghum is used in Africa.
7. Aflatoxin B1 (ng/g X 10,000)Isolates (%) in Applied Atoxigenic Strainr = 0.71, P = 0.0001Dots Represent Values for Replicate PlotsAflatoxin in Crop versus Atoxigenic IncidenceCotty, 1994. Phytopathology:1270-1277.
8. Aflatoxin (ppb)AreaSamples (#)AF36 (%)MeanRangeGraysonNorth1796a12a0 to 48GraysonSouth1698a15a0 to 38GraysonControl824b230b5 to 530Commercial Maize: North Central Texas 2008Means in the same column with different letters are significantly different by Tukey’s HSD test, P < 0.001.
9. Incidence of AF36= 1997= 1996=1997 & 1996 differFungi Resident in the Soil
10. Percent of Aspergillus flavus Grayson County, Texas: Carry Over to the Second Year Crop= Atoxigenic isolate AF36= S Strain, produces very high aflatoxinsCrop Treatment YearCrop Year After TreatmentSoil Before Treatment