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Josef F. Steufer /Getty Images - PPT Presentation

Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders Module 40 401 HOW SHOULD WE DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN NORMALITY AND DISORDER According to psychologists and psychiatrists psychological disorders ID: 681429

psychological disorders mental disorder disorders psychological disorder mental basic concepts people adhd age symptoms dsm understanding biopsychosocial behavior violence disordered medical approach

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Slide1

Josef F. Steufer/Getty Images

Basic Concepts of PsychologicalDisorders

Module 40Slide2

40-1: HOW SHOULD WE DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN NORMALITY AND DISORDER?According to psychologists and psychiatrists,

psychological disorders are marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Such thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are dysfunctional

or

maladaptive.They interfere with normal day-to-day life.The dysfunctional person is often distressed.

Basic Concepts of Psychological DisordersSlide3

40-2: HOW DO THE MEDICAL MODEL AND THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH INFLUENCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?

In earlier times, abnormal behavior attributed to strange forces (movement of the stars, godlike powers, evil spirits).

During

the Middle Ages, it was commonly believed

that

abnormal people were possessed by devils.“Therapy” often involved physical and mental torture.Philippe Pinel (1745–1826) recognized abnormal behavior as sickness of the mind.Opposed barbaric treatments of patients.Introduced and encouraged reforms and humane treatments.

Basic

Concepts of Psychological Disorders

Understanding

Psychological DisordersSlide4

Through the ages, psychologically disordered people have received brutal treatments, including the trephination evident in this Stone Age skull.

Drilling skull holes like these may have been an attempt to release evil spirits and cure those with mental disorders.

It

looks doubtful that

this

patient would have survived the “cure.”

YESTERDAY’S “THERAPY”Slide5

The Medical ModelBy the 1800s the search began for physical causes of

mental disorders and for curative treatments.With the medical model of mental disorders, mental illness

is to be diagnosed on the basis

of

symptoms and treated through therapy, often in a psychiatric hospital.Reinvigoration of the medical model has come from recent research in genetically influenced brain abnormalities in brain structure and biochemistry.

Basic

Concepts of Psychological Disorders

Understanding

Psychological DisordersSlide6

The Biopsychosocial ApproachGeneral approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness

.Some symptoms of disorders are culture-related, which points to environmental influences.For example, the eating

disorders

anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur mostly in food-abundant cultures.Depression and schizophrenia

occur worldwide

.Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders Understanding Psychological DisordersSlide7

The Biopsychosocial ApproachDisorders reflect Genetic predispositions and physiological states

Psychological dynamicsSocial and cultural circumstancesThe biopsychosocial approach

emphasizes

that mind and body are inseparable.Epigenetics

: The

study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.Epigenetics shows that our environment can affect the expression (or not) of a gene, thus affecting the development of psychological disorders.

Basic

Concepts of Psychological Disorders

Understanding

Psychological DisordersSlide8

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL

APPROACH TO

PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERSSlide9

40-3: HOW AND WHY DO CLINICIANS CLASSIFY PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND WHY DO SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS CRITICIZE THE USE OF DIAGNOSTIC LABELS?Classification orders and describes symptoms

Diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology attempts to:Predict the disorder’s future courseSuggest appropriate

treatment

Prompt research into its causes

Basic

Concepts of Psychological Disorders Classifying Disorders—and Labeling PeopleSlide10

The most common tool for system for classifying disorders is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorders now in its fifth edition (DSM-5), 2013Published by the American Psychiatric Association

Describes

disorders and estimates their occurrenceIn the new DSM-5, some changes include:

Some label changes (e.g.,

autism spectrum disorder; intellectual disability)New categories: Hoarding disorder, binge-eating disorderNew or altered diagnoses—some controversial (e.g., concern that simple bereavement may be too quickly diagnosed as a depressive disorder) Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders

Classifying Disorders—and

Labeling

PeopleSlide11

DSM criticisms include:Critics have long faulted the DSM for casting too wide a net

Antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field trials for the new DSM-5 .DSM-5 continues the path of potentially pathologizing everyday life

Labels

are or may act as society’s subjective value

judgments

DSM benefits include:Helping mental health professionals communicateIt is useful in researchClients often relieved to identify suffering

Basic

Concepts of Psychological Disorders

Classifying Disorders—and

Labeling

PeopleSlide12

40-4: WHY IS THERE CONTROVERSY OVER ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

11 percent American 4- to 17-year-olds receive this diagnosis after displaying its key symptoms; 2.5 percent adults have ADHD symptoms.

Critics fear this disorder

is

overdiagnosed, leading to overuse of prescription drugs.Those who say ADHD is overdiagnosed argue: Symptoms displayed sound like the “ disorder” of having a Y chromosome; ADHD is three times more prevalent in boys

than girls

.

ADHD

may

in effect be marketed

by companies that offer drugs for its treatment (Thomas

, 2015).

Energetic

child + boring school = ADHD diagnoses?

ADHD—Normal

High

Energy or Disordered Behavior?Slide13

Alternate view of those arguing that ADHD is not overdiagnosed: More frequent diagnoses due to increased awareness of disorder

Scientific community agrees ADHD is a real neurobiological disorderCoexists with learning disordersIs heritable

It is treatable with medications

There is debate over the safety of long-term

use of

these stimulant medications in treating ADHD.ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?Slide14

40-5: DO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS PREDICT VIOLENT BEHAVIOR?Mental disorders seldom lead to violence and clinical prediction of violence

is unreliable.Most people with disorders are nonviolent and are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence.When they are violent,

moral and ethical questions about whether society should hold people with disorders responsible for their violent actions

are raised.Triggers for violence acts by people with mental disorders

,

in addition to disordered thinking, include substance abuse.Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders Are People With Psychological Disorders Dangerous?Slide15

40-6: HOW MANY PEOPLE HAVE, OR HAVE HAD, A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER? IS POVERTY A RISK FACTOR?

The U.S. National institute of Mental Health estimates just over 1 in 4 adult Americans “suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year” (Kessler et al., 2008). Psychological disorder rates vary by time and place.

Immigrant paradox

: Those born to immigrants to the United States at greater risk of mental disorder than the immigrants (for example, Mexican-Americans born in the U.S.).

Poverty is a risk factor:

Incidence of serious psychological disorders is doubled .Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders.But some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty; correlation goes both ways.

Basic

Concepts of Psychological Disorders

Rates

of Psychological DisordersSlide16

Psychological disorders usually strike by early adulthood (first symptoms by age 24 in most cases)Symptoms arrive at the following median ages:

Antisocial personality disorder (age 8)Phobias (age 10)Alcohol use disorder (near age 20)Obsessive-compulsive disorder (near age 20)Schizophrenia (near age 20)

Major depressive disorder (age 25)

Basic

Concepts of Psychological Disorders

Rates of Psychological DisordersSlide17

PERCENTAGE

OF AMERICANS

REPORTING SELECTED PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISORDERS IN THE PAST YEARSlide18

What Increases

Vulnerability to

Mental

Disorders?