References Discussion - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

References

Discussion

The existing study set out to enumerate the effect of gratitude and hope on self-reported happiness of young people, resided in three major cities of Punjab, Pakistan. The total 318 respondents (15 persons per indicator along with a 20% attrition rate) were involved voluntarily; they were selected through cluster sampling technique from Lahore (106), Rawalpindi (106), and Bahawalpur (106). There were three instruments engaged to measure the entailed variables; Gratitude Questionnaire (McCullough & Emmons, 2002), Herth Hope Index (Herth, 1989) and Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky, 1999). The results were estimated through SPSS (20.0). The results of multiple regression exposed, there was a significant positive impact of gratitude and hope on happiness of young people. Furthermore, level of hope and gratitude were higher in boys as compared to girls. Conclusively, positive traits of students always contribute in their learning and positive growth. The limitations and future horizons are also discussed.

Keywords:

happiness, gratitude, hope, university students, Punjab Pakistan

Abstract

Introduction

Objectives

Method

The result of this research shows that there is significant relationship among positive traits of youth in Pakistan. These positive traits also have significant impact on youth’s happiness.Positive correlation is observed between gratitude and happiness.Gratitude and hope have also been found to have positive significant correlation. Furthermore, hope and happiness have significant positive relationship. The result of this research is consistent and supported by many indigenous researches, like Nasiri and Jokar (2008) who have shown that both variables of happiness and hope have a significant positive correlation. Previous study shows that the act of writing three letters of gratitude was found to positively impact young adult student’s happiness. Similarly, Safaria (2014) indicates that a positive correlation was found between gratitude and happiness.

Gratitude “a sense of thankfulness and joy in response to receiving a gift, whether the gift be a tangible benefit from a specific other or a moment of peaceful bliss evoked by natural beauty” (Emmons, 2004).How gratitude affects happiness.Gratitude when receiving "something special" increases the feeling of happiness.Gratitude alone brings a sense of satisfaction within the individual.Grateful behavior increases the accessibility and recollection of pleasant life events.Grateful behavior will reduce the likelihood of depressed mood on the person.Relationship between gratitude, happiness and hope Moderate positive correlation was found between gratitude and happiness. Gratitude gives the biggest contribution to happiness.Gratitude is an important factor contributes to happiness among undergraduate student. Result from previous studies showed that happiness and hope have a significant positive correlation.There exist significant positive relationship between hope and gratitude but there was no impact of hope.

To find out the relationship among gratitude, hope and happiness.To examine the contribution of hope and gratitude in the development of happiness of youth.To explore the gender differences among all variables.

Positive Traits of University Students Impact Their Happiness

1

Muhammad Saleem,

1Mudassir Shafiq, 2Maham Zaffar & 3Ezarina Zakaria1,2The Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan3School of Psychology and Human Development, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM),43600, Malaysia

Results

Table 1Summary of Multiple Regression Analysis with Gratitude, Hope and Happiness as a Dependent Variable (N=318)

The study comprises students of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab University, Lahore and Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi.The total 318 respondents selected through cluster sampling technique from Lahore (106), Rawalpindi (106), and Bahawalpur (106). The demographic information section includes age, gender, education, marital status, residence, parents’ education, and religion. The remaining questions are encompassed the Gratitude Questionnaire (McCullough & Emmons, 2002), Herth Hope Index (Herth, 1989) and Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky, 1999).Data is collected by using cluster sampling. Ethics are maintained while collecting the data.Data is synthesized and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

Hypotheses

H1: It was assumed that there would be significant positive relationship between gratitude and happiness. H2: Hope would have a significant positive relationship with happiness. H3: It was anticipated that there would be significant positive relationship between gratitude, hope and happiness.

Table 2Independent Sample T-test use for differences of Male and Female Population Sample for Gratitude, Hope and Happiness (N=318)

Predictors Variables BβtΔR2F(Constant) 121.38 17.34.1410.37Gratitude.73.233.45**  Hope.43.171.91*  

VariableMale(n = 112)Female(n = 106)  t95%CIM(SD)M(SD)LLULGratitude33.24(4.34)27.37(3.41)4.570*2.125.44Hope81.23(7.43)79.94(8.71)1.34.424.47Happiness25.38(3.42)27.47(2.97)-2.38-1.422.37

**p <.01, *p <.05The two predictors’ model was able to account for 14% of variance in happiness. F (10.37), B = 121.38, p <.01, R2 = 14, 95% CI. The two predictor variables (Gratitude & Hope) were significant positive correlated with happiness.

Note. CI = Confidence Interval, LL= Lower Limit, UL = Upper Limitp* < .01The results were found that gender plying a significant role of difference in gratitude.

Conclusion

Current research shows that level of gratitude is higher among the boys as compared to girls. All three hypotheses were accepted and data endorsed this idea. The level of happiness has direct relation with gratitude and hope. This study also shows significant relationship of hope with gratitude. Further this study gives future directions for research. Future researchers should do studies on finding ways of increasing level of hope and level of gratitude.

Emmons, R.A. (2004). Gratitude. In M.E.P. Seligman & C. Peterson (Eds.), Character strengths and virtues (pp. 553-568). New York: Oxford University Press.Giacalone, R. A., K. Paul and C. L. Jurkiewicz: 2005, A Preliminary Investigation into the Role of Positive Psychology in Consumer Sensitivity to Corporate Social Performance, Journal of Business Ethics 58, 295– 305.Safaria T (2014) Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Happiness among College Students. International Journal of Public Health Science. 3(4), pp. 241 ~ 245.Watkins, PC, Woodward, K.,Stone, T., Kolts, RL., “Gratitude and happiness: Developmental measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being”, Social Behavior and Personality, vol/issue: 31(5), pp. 431- 452, 2003.Witvliet, C., Ludwig, TE, Vander Laan, KL, “Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health”, Psychological Science, vol. 12, pp. 117-123, 2001.Nasiri H, Jokar B, 2008. Significant life expectancy, life satisfaction and mental health of women (women cultural workers), Journal of Women, 6(2):175-157

Limitations

The current study has some limitations. It was

limited to

only three major cities of Punjab and the

study was conducted only on

youth.

Sample of the study was not surplus; it

should have been taken from more cities, and large population, including adults and children to make it more generalizable.

Acknowledgement

Current study

is not funded by any institution, commercial agency, & is not-for-profit organizations.

Corresponding email

:

h.mudassir29@gmail.com