ADMINISTRATIVE DOCTRINES - PowerPoint Presentation

1. ADMINISTRATIVE DOCTRINES UNIT 23

2. I Answer the following questions:1. Can you name some of the important administrative doctrines?2. What are their objectives?

3. New Public Management New Public Management (NPM) has been defined in a variety of different ways. It implies:a) the use of market-type mechanisms for public policy and for public management, and b) an emphasis on the role of managers in the public sector. Also: the citizen as an important actor in the process, although citizens are more likely to be conceptualized as customers than as fully-fledged citizens participating in a democratic political process.

4. Historical backgroundGovernments in many western countries decided in the 1980's that traditional administration was no longer adequate for modern government. They looked to the private sector to define a new management approach. Management introduces a new vocabulary, mind-set and culture in government bureaucracies. The purpose is to force the bureaucrats to become more dynamic and better managers.

5. Main NPM goalsNPM denotes a global wave of administrative reform that has had an impact on the public sectors of many countries. It is inspired by a broad neoliberal ideology and a particular set of normative values whose main focus is on increasing efficiency.

6. Main NPM goalsto improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the public sector,To enhance the responsiveness of public agencies to their clients and customers, To reduce public expenditure, and to improve managerial accountability.

7. NPM vs. traditional bureaucracyThe word management in NPM implies decisiveness, readiness for action, and a dynamic mind-set. Traditional public administration conjures up images of rules, regulations, and lethargic decision-making processes.

8. NPM vs. traditioal bureaucracyPresidents and prime ministers who came to power in the 1980's concluded that the problem was with bureaucracy, not political institutions. They accused bureaucracy of being expensive and unresponsive, a creation of routine deliberately resistant to change, and essentially incapable of dealing with new challenges.

9. NPM vs. Traditional bureaucradyWith time, a new approach, anchored in private sector management, began to take shape and a label was attached to it – NPM. The goal was to introduce a new culture in government departments and agencies.

10. StrategiesHow would civil servants become better managers? NPM encompasses a number of broad strategies to promote cultural change in government: decentralization of decision making, empowerment, a reduction on controls on managers, more flexible organizational structures, upgrading the skills of government managers, and a stronger sense of service to the public.

11. NPMGovernment departments and agencies were also encouraged to launch review exercises to identify “useless” red tape and “delayer” management levels.

12. NPM world-wideIn time, NPM became the fashion in much of the Western world.Margaret Thatcher in the UK showed the way with numerous measures designed to overhaul government operations. She cut the size of the civil service, restructured government operations by creating executive agencies and gave them a narrow mandate to deliver public services, privatized state corporations, delegated more authority to frontline managers, and overhauled the government's financial management system.

13. NPM world-wideThis and other private sector management-inspired measures gave life to NPM in the UK. Before long, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Canada, among others, also introduced numerous NPM-type measures with varying degrees of success. Countries that did not pursue NPM-type measures with any enthusiasm, such as France, were regarded as being out of step with modern management strategies.

14. Negative side effectsThe main hypothesis of NPM reforms: that increased market orientation and management focus lead to increased efficiency, without causing negative side effects for other goals and concerns.This hypothesis has not been confirmed.

15. Negative side-effectsVertical and horizontal specialization through structural devolution and the establishment of single-purpose organizations have led to fragmentation in public administration and thus increased coordination problems. Another finding is that NPM reforms in some cases can have positive effects on efficiency, but the efficiency gains also vary according to the tasks and services in question

16. Negative side-effectsCompetition might bring savings on costs, more efficient production, and more flexible and user-friendly services. But there might also be negative side effects in the form of increased social problems.

17. Negative side-effectsThe effects on efficiency are usually less than what reform advocates have predicted. This is partly because transaction costs as well as administration and operational costs of the new arrangements may not have been taken into consideration.

18. Negative side-effectsNPM reforms have led to increased efficiency in some public sector organizations at least in the short term. Responsiveness to users tends to be improved by NPM reforms but there are also clear indications of a reduction in equality. It appears that improved efficiency and responsiveness have been achieved at the expense of equal treatment. On the other hand, NPM reforms have had a positive effect on the freedom of choice of services.

19. A fundamental dilemmaA fundamental dilemma for many NPM reforms is the tension between autonomy and control. Organizations should have enough freedom to be run in an efficient way, yet not to be so free that superior levels of leadership lose power and control. The aim is to achieve more freedom and greater control simultaneously.

20. A fundamental dilemmaThe new organizational forms have led to changes in how public organizations are controlled. The traditional, informal, internal, collegial and trust-based forms of control are waning, and the more formal, external, and professional forms of control are gaining ground.

21. A fundamental dilemmaPriorities have shifted from a drive to create agencies and autonomous bodies that enhance efficiency to a quest to find the right balance between accountability and autonomy by focusing on weak coordination devices, lack of governing capacities, and weak accountability mechanisms.

22. The Post-NPM eraThe reforms that were undertaken under the NPM label paved the way for further reforms and transformations in the post-NPM era. Market solutions and market ideology now seem to have become more or less institutionalized within the public sector, albeit without erasing major Weberian features of the old system, and a certain amount of re-regulation has taken place in recent years.

23. The Post-NPM eraThe trend towards single-purpose organizations is another feature of NPM reforms that recent reforms have modified by introducing more coordination and collaboration across and within political-administrative systems. A third element was structural devolution, which resulted in the autonomization and agencification of public sector organizations.However, in recent years this has been countered by a reassertion of the centre and a strengthening of central state capacity.

24. The Post-NPM eraThus, there is no consistent movement toward a new model of civil service systems. Most governments still share some main elements of the traditional system of public administration. However, some strong common trends in modernizing public services have emerged across groups of countries. One of these is a reduction in the differences between the public and private sectors.

25. II Read the text and answer the following questions:1. How can NPM be defined?2. What is the purpose of NPM? 3. Who did governments in many western countries look to in order to define a new management approach?4. What is NPM inspired by?5. Which strategies does NPM encompass to promote cultural change in government?6. Which NPM models can be distinguished?7. Where was NPM introduced?8. Which are main components of NPM?

26. Provide the terms for the following definitionscompletely developed or established; of full statusFully fledgedreacting quickly and positivelyResponsivetake apart in order to examine it and repair it if necessaryOverhaulan official order or commission to do somethingmandate

27. Provide the terms for the following definitionsthe most important or influential position in a debate or movementfrontline

28. III Rewrite the following sentences replacing the underlined expressions with expressions from the text:1. The word management in NPM implies determination, readiness for action, and a dynamic mentality. 2. Traditional public administration brings to mind images of rules, regulations, and passive decision-making processes.3. Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom showed the way with numerous measures designed to examine and improve government operations.

29. III Rewrite the following sentences replacing the underlined expressions with expressions from the text 4. The old and the new administration insist that their approach has greater value in ensuring that politicians and civil servants are responsible for policies and the delivery of government programmes.5. Managers in public sector organizations should have freedom of judgment and freedom of action in their daily work, so as to make efficient use of allocated resources.6. The main components of NPM are active and participatory professional management, which allows for active and unrestricted control of an organization by people who are free to manage.

30. IV Make the adjectives negative by adding the correct prefix, in- or un-:important _____________________ expensive ________________________responsive ____________________ capable __________________________efficient ______________________ attached _________________________

31. V Supply the correct preposition from the box below:of, on, in, with, by, forto participate ___ a democratic political process to have an impact ___ the public sectorto deal ____ new challengesto upgrade the skills ___ government managersto restructure government operations ____ creating executive agenciesto be accountable ____ policy and the delivery of government programmes

32. VI Match the word or phrase with its definition:1. empowermenta. reducing the number of employees on the operating payroll2. red tapeb. not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it3. mandatec. a feature that renders something less acceptable; a disadvantage or problem. 4. drawbackd. a management practice of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take initiative and make decisions to solve problems and improve service and performance.5. downsizinge. a command or authorization to act in a particular way on a public issue given by the electorate to its representative 6. reluctantf. official routine or procedure marked by excessive complexity which results in delay or inaction

33. VII Complete the following statements:1. Increased market orientation and management focus lead to increased __________________.2. The establishment of single-purpose organizations have led to ________________ in public administration.3. NPM reforms have had a positive effect on the freedom of ______________________.4. A fundamental dilemma for many NPM reforms is the tension between __________________ and ________________________.5. Market solutions and market ideology now seem to have become more or less _____________ within the public sector.6. Structural devolution resulted in the ______________________ of public sector organizations.

34. VIII Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If false, provide the correct information.StatementTFNPM reforms in some cases can have negative effects on efficiency, but the efficiency gains also vary according to the tasks and services in question.  NPM reforms have led to increased efficiency in some public sector organizations in the long term.  Recent reforms introduced more coordination and collaboration across and within political-administrative systems.  The traditional, informal, internal, collegial and trust-based forms of control are waning, and the more formal, external, and professional forms of control are gaining ground.   

35. IX Match the words with their synonyms:1. hypothesis a. manageable2. fragmentation b. strain3. user-friendly c. although4. tension d. fade5. wane e. theory6. albeit f. disintegration

36. XI Match the adjectives in the left column with the nouns in the right column:1. structural a. effects2. flexible b. bodies3. market c. orientation4. efficient d. devolution5. positive e. production6. operational f. orientation7. equal g. costs8. autonomous h. treatment

37. Good GovernanceI Answer the following questions:1. What is the meaning of the word “governance”?2. What is the difference between “government” and “governance”?

38. The concept of good governanceThe concept of good governance has multiple meanings, but it most generally refers to a standard or model for how states or other political entities should govern and be governed. This usually includes a long list of normative principles to which these entities should adhere, such as transparency, accountability, inclusiveness, effectiveness, and impartiality.Quite commonly, good governance is defined in terms of its antonyms – that is, by referring to phenomena that indicate its absence, such as corruption, nepotism, favouritism, particularism, or patrimonialism.

39. Good governanceThe concept has been used as an agenda for the reform of developing countries, such as civil service reform, securing property rights, or installing judicial independence. Within the academic community, where close synonyms such as institutional quality or quality of government have been developed, the concept has been systematically linked to several highly desirable outcomes, most notably economic growth and long-term development.

40. Historical backgroundThe concept was first launched by the World Bank in the late 1980's and early 1990's in a series of reports that sought to develop a new strategy for aid conditionality. Previously, the Bank had refrained from taking political criteria into account in its donor policy. By demanding that recipient countries adhere to the agenda of “good governance reforms”, this stance was changed.

41. Internal and external definitionsFirst, good governance may be defined in terms of what it is or in terms of what it is good for. The former may be called an internal definition and the latter an external (or functional) definition of good governance. In the internal case, some properties of the governance system of a country must be singled out in advance, together with a notion of why these properties make the system better or of a higher quality. This could, for example, be the idea that good governance is to be equated with the rule of law.

42. Procedures and policy contentSecondly, good governance may be defined in terms of procedures or policy content. Procedural definitions refer to regulatory principles, codes of conduct, norms, or other value-laden criteria that constrain the forms in which politics may be conducted.

43. Input and outputThirdly, there is a fundamental difference between procedural definitions referring to the input and the output sides of a political system. On the input side, democracy and the principle of political equality (one person, one vote; civil and political rights, etc.) are the most well-established norms. On the output side, key guiding principles are the rule of law, administrative effectiveness or efficiency, and impartial policy implementation.

44. Principles of good governanceGood Governance – the responsible conduct of public affairs and management of public resources – is encapsulated in the Council of Europe 12 Principles of Good Governance. The Council of Europe is the organization of European countries that seeks to protect democracy and human rights and to promote European unity by fostering cooperation on legal, cultural, and social issues.

45. Principles of good governanceThe 12 principles include: 1) Fair Conduct of Elections, Representation and Participation; 2) Responsiveness; 3) Efficiency and Effectiveness; 4) Openness and Transparency; 5) Rule of Law; 6) Ethical Conduct;

46. Principles of good governance7) Competence and Capacity; 8) Innovation and Openness to Change; 9) Sustainability and Long-term Orientation; 10) Sound Financial Management; 11) Human Rights, Cultural Diversity and Social Cohesion ; and 12) Accountability. 

47. Provide the terms to match the definitions:the practice among those with power or influence of favouring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobsNepotismthe practice of giving unfair preferential treatment to one person or group at the expense of another.Favouritismexclusive attachment to one's own group, party, or nation.particularism

48. Provide the terms to match the definitionsa form of governance in which all power flows directly from the leaderPatrimonialismthe restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws.Rule of law

49. II Complete the following statements:1. The concept of good governance generally refers to a standard or model for how states or other political entities should _______________________________.2. Within policy circles of the developmental aid community, the concept of good governance has been used as an agenda for _____________________________________________.3. Within the academic community, the concept has been systematically linked to several highly desirable outcomes, most notably ___________________________________________ and ____________________________________.4. The concept was first launched by the World Bank in the ___________________________.5. Key guiding principles of good governance are ___________________________________.

50. III Match the words with their synonyms1.corruptiona. excessive attachment to one's own group, party or nation2. nepotismb. the practice of giving unfair preferential treatment to one person or group at the expense of another.3. favoritismc. a form of government in which all power flows directly from the leader4. particularism d. the practice among those with power or influence of favouring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs. 5. patrimonialisme. dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.

51. V Match the adjectives in the left column with the nouns in the right column: 1. judiciala. equality2. politicalb. efficiency3. regulatoryc. independence4. administratived. growth5. economice. quality6. institutionalf. principles

52. VI Translate the following sentences into Croatian:The concept of good governance has been used as an agenda for the reform of developing countries, such as civil service reforms, securing property rights, or installing judicial independence.__________________________________________________________________________Within the academic community, the concept has been systematically linked to several highly desirable outcomes, most notably economic growth and long-term development.__________________________________________________________________________