Mrs. Shaw - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Mrs. Shaw

Canons of RhetoricSlide2

InventionArrangementStyle

Memory

Delivery

Canons of RhetoricSlide3

Logos- a Greek term best translated as “embodied thought.” Writing that appeals to readers by making clear, coherent statements of ideas and a central argument.

Ethos-

“good-willed credibility.” Writing that appeals by offering evidence that the writer is a trustworthy, well-educated, believable person, and has the best interest of the readers in mind.

Pathos-

“feeling.” Writing that appeals to the readers by relating to, and sometimes even speaking directly to their emotions and interests.

AppealsSlide4

Invention-

strategies to help you generate material that is clear, forceful, convincing, and emotionally appealing.

Tapping into your readers’

memories

and cultural associations will assist your efforts to clarify your ideas and arguments.

Arrangement, Style, and Delivery

help to put your material into structures, patterns, and formats that are understandable to your readers.

This helps your readers see you as credible, sympathetic, and even impressive.

CanonsSlide5

Not necessarily to create something new.“to find”

like taking inventory.

How do we take inventory?Systematically or intuitively.

InventionSlide6

Who, What, When, Where, Why, and

How

Obviously, these questions help you unpack the basic details of a text, but these questions also help you generate material for your own writing.

Systematic Invention: Journalistic QuestionsSlide7

The

Syllogism

Major Premise

: All humans are mortal. (Generalization)

Minor Premise: Socrates is a human.Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

This classic syllogism is air tight, hard to argue.

When the major premise is arguable, the syllogism breaks down.

Systematic Invention: The EnthymemeSlide8

An

enthymeme

resembles a syllogism in the movement of its own logic, but it differs in 2 ways.

“Instead

of having an irrefutable truth for a major premise, an enthymeme has as its starting point an assumption, a statement, or a proposition

that the writer presumes the audience accepts and that the writer can build an argument upon. And, because the writer presumes, or wants to presume, that

the audience believes and accepts the assumption that holds the major premise slot

, that part of the argument frequently goes unstated.”

EnthymemeSlide9

In most arguments, the writer provides the other parts of the enthymeme and assumes that the audience is going to complete for itself the unspoken major premise.

(Unspoken major premise)

Minor: This man has perjured himself in the past.

Conclusion: He is not to be trusted.

You are looking for unstated assumptions in the text.

Systematic Invention: The EnthymemeSlide10

“But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man.” – Mark Antony from Shakespeare’s

Julius Caesar

missing

link:

honourable

men

are ambitious

“If the glove doesn’t fit, you must acquit.” - attorney Johnny Cochran in the O.J. Simpson trial

missing

link: If the glove doesn’t

fit the

defendant

, you must acquit him

Enthymeme examples Slide11

Perry and Dick killed the Clutters and deserve to die.What is the unstated assumption?

Because Capote wrote

In Cold Blood with artistic purposes in mind, the overall classification of nonfiction does not hold true to this text.

What is the unstated assumption?

Enthymeme about

In Cold BloodSlide12

Mnemonic Devices

The ancients used memory to remember their actual speeches.

They used mental pictures to trigger their memory during their speech.

You use memory to remember your tools of rhetoric.

MemorySlide13

The Introduction

(

exordium) introduces the reader to the subject under discussion. In Latin,

exordium

means “beginning a web,” which is an apt description for an introduction.Remember, in any piece of writing the introduction can be one paragraph or several.

The introduction often establishes ethos, piques the reader’s interest, or challenges them.

Arrangement- Classical OrationSlide14

Narration

(

narratio) provides factual information and background information on the subject at hand, thus beginning the developmental paragraphs, or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.

The level of detail a writer uses here depends on the audience.

Classically, writers use logos here, but it often appeals to pathos because the writer attempts to evoke an emotional response about the topic being discussed.

Arrangement- Classical NarrationSlide15

The confirmation (

confirmatio

) is usually the major part of the text. It includes the development of proof needed to make the writer’s case.

It contains the most specific and concrete detail in the text.

The confirmation contains the strongest appeal to logos.

Arrangement- Classical OrationSlide16

The refutation

(

refutatio), which addresses the counterargument, is in many ways a bridge between the writer’s proof and conclusion.

Typically this comes at the end, but this is not a hard-and-fast rule. For example, if the opposing views are well-known, the writer will address them before presenting the argument.

Usually this is an appeal to logos.

Arrangement- Classical OrationSlide17

The conclusion

(

peroratio) brings the essay to a satisfying close (whether one paragraph or more).

Here the writer appeals to pathos and reminds the reader of the ethos established earlier.

This is not a time to repeat what is previously stated; instead, the conclusion brings the writer’s ideas together and answers the question, so what?

Remember, the last words of text are likely the last words remembered.

Arrangement- Classical OrationSlide18

Rhetorical TriangleLogos

Ethos

Pathos

Classical Oration

Examples of “good” and “bad” rhetoric

“Not by math alone”