THE GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION - PowerPoint Presentation

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THE GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL REVOLUTION

HI 168: Lecture 14Dr. Howard ChiangSlide2

OVERVIEW

Socialist Education Movement

Third Front

Cultural Revolution: An Overview

Cultural Revolution: Urban Origins

Mao’s Re-Emergence & the Red Guards

January Storm in Shanghai

Wuhan Incident

Cultural Revolution: After the Peak

Fall of Lin Biao; Nixon Visits China; Gang of Four; 1976 and

Hua

GuofengSlide3

SOCIALIST EDUCATION MVMT

Mao & Lin vs. Liu & Deng

Aim: to restore the impetus of the drive for collectivization in the rural

areas -> Grassroots corruption in countryside

December 1962:

Four cleanups:

- the administration of collective accounts, communal granaries, public property and work

points

Xiafang

: down to the countryside movementSlide4

THIRD FRONT

the strategic redistribution of resources between 1964 and 1971 to create a self-reliant economy in the interior of China and away from potential military threats on China’s

borders

Came from Lin Biao: bunker mentality

Sichuan provinces

left many enterprises unviable and uneconomic and extremely difficult to convert into private businessesSlide5

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

1966-1976(80): CCP at war with itself

Most dramatic clashes in Beijing, Shanghai, and Wuhan

Mao died in September 1976:

- ‘decade of disaster’

- ‘decade of turmoil’

- ‘decade of internal chaos’

Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four

Red GuardsSlide6

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

Initially: Beijing – Liu/Deng vs. SH – Mao

Jiang Qing (

江青

), Mao’s last wife

Chen

Boda

(

陳伯達

), Mao’s political secretary

Zhang

Chunqiao

(

張春橋

), Gang of 4

Begins with an attack on the play,

Hai

Rui

Dismissed from Office

Yao

Wenyuan

(

姚文元

), Gang of 4

Peng

Zhen’s 5-Man Group

Mao’s Cultural Revolution GroupSlide7

MAO’S REEMERGENCE

Liu and Deng sent work teams – supported

&

opposed by student groups

July 1966 – Mao swims in Yangzi

River

-

http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=xN1P2DHE26g

August 1966

– Decision concerning

the Great Proletarian Cultural

Revolution

Original Red Guards –

Qinghua

Univ.

August 18, 1966 –

Tian’anmen

Square

Attack the ‘four olds’ – old ideas, culture, customs, and habitsSlide8

JANUARY STORM IN SHANGHAI

September 9: a

group of Red Guards from Beijing who were liaising in Shanghai attempted to occupy the Shanghai CCP

headquarters

November

9:

the creation of a new type of organization, the Shanghai Workers’ Revolutionary Rebel

Headquarters

The January Storm of 1967

Shanghai People’s Communes

Revolutionary Committee – all ChinaSlide9

WUHAN INCIDENT

January 20, 1967

PLA had a natural predisposition to side with conservative mass

organizations

The Million Heroes

PLA vs. revolutionary rebel groups

Of the 279 members and alternates of the new party Central Committee, 45

%

were from the PLA, 28 %

from revolutionary party cadres, and 27 %

from revolutionary massesSlide10

AFTER THE PEAK

400,000-500,000 killed in 1966-69

The

purge rate of provincial &

regional officials was

70-80%;

altogether about 3 million people were purged, with most rehabilitated only in the late

1970

Fate of Liu

Shaoqi

– died of pneumonia

Fate of Deng Xiaoping – exile in Jiangxi

Demobilize the Red Guards –

xiafang

Schools did not resume until fall 1970Slide11

FALL OF LIN BIAO

1969 (heir apparent) -> 1971 (dead)

September 13, 1971: Lin Biao fled China in a Trident aircraft, which crashed

Official account:

Lin Biao and his die-hard followers had devised a plan for a coup d’état in March to be launched on September 8. When their plot was discovered, Lin Biao, his wife Ye

Qun

, and his son Lin

Liguo

tried to flee the country in the early morning on September 13. They were all killed when their plane crashed near

Ondorhaan

in Mongolia. After the September 13 incident, a nationwide rectification movement to criticize and denounce Lin Biao was unfolded and the crimes of the Lin Biao counter-revolutionary clique were investigated.Slide12

NIXON VISITS CHINA

Oct. 25, 1971: PRC replaced ROC’s membership in the United Nations

Richard Nixon arrived in Shanghai on February 21, 1972

Official

communiqué issued jointly at the end of visit in February: continued ties; science, technology, culture, and sport; bilateral trade; normalization of diplomatic relations

Kakuei Tanaka: Sep. 25-30, 1972Slide13
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Poster for propaganda denouncing the “Gang of FourSlide15

THE GANG OF FOUR

Jiang Qing, Zhang

Chunqiao

, Yao

Wenyuan

, and Wang

Hongwen

(rise due to Mao)

1974: Anti-Lin, Anti-Confucius campaign: really aimed at Zhou

Enlai

Deng Xiaoping recalled from exile in Jiangxi and brought back to Beijing as first vice-premierSlide16
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1976 & RISE OF HUA GUOFENG

Jan. 8: Zhou

Enlai

passed away

Mao replaced Zhou with

Hua

Guofeng

The 1976 Tiananmen Square Incident:

- a new breed of demonstration in PRC undirected by government or authority

July 6: Zhu De died

July 28: Tangshan

eqarthquake

September 9: Mao himself diedSlide18