What is a Revolution? - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

What is a Revolution?

Although the term “revolution” is used a great deal in contemporary culture, an actual revolution that completely transforms a society is quite rare. However, during the period 1950-1990, a number of the world’s regions witnessed events that could legitimately be termed revolutionary.

Historian

Mehran

Kamrava

provides us with a solid working definition of the term “revolution” – a definition that will help us to understand better many of the events portrayed in

Satrapi’s

Persepolis

.Slide2

Mehran

Kamrava’s Definition of “Revolution”

Revolutions involve “ingredients not always easy to come by: millions of people for whom pursuing a cause has become more pressing than the chores of daily life; the collapse of state institutions and their replacement by other, new ones; and the reconstitution of a political order radically different from that of the old order. These changes resonate not only domestically, but also regionally and globally,

a

ffecting balance-of-power equations, alliances, and international economics” (138).Slide3

Planned vs. Spontaneous Revolutions

Kamrava

notes that the Iranian Revolution was spontaneous in nature, meaning that it evolved in a haphazard, unstructured way. For contrast, he points to the Chinese or Cuban Revolutions, which were planned carefully over long periods of timely by highly organized guerrilla movements (139).

Why is the distinction important? Spontaneous revolutions often enable inexperienced or highly radical individuals to rise quickly to power, thus increasing the possibility for violence and instability.Slide4

The Iranian Monarchy

Reza Shah Pahlavi ruled Iran from 1925-1941

His son, Muhammad, ruled Iran from 1941-1978Slide5

Four Phases of Modern Iranian Politics

1925-1941

1941-1953

1953-1975

1975-1978

Reza Shah comes to power

through the efforts of the British government and institutes a powerful, centralized monarchy. Tribal factions are defeated and the clergy is suppressed. The Shah himself becomes identified with the government to such an extent that its success or failure is tied to him.

The British removed Reza Shah because his

German sympathies were making it difficult for the British to move war supplies in the region. They replaced Reza Shah with his son, Muhammad Reza Shah, and they divided Iran into two regions – the north, overseen by the Soviet Union and the south, overseen by the British. After the war, tensions rose between the Shah and the parliament, as factions fought to dominate political life.

The Shah,

with the assistance of the US, managed to rest power from the parliament and to oust a popular prime minister, Dr. Muhammad

Musaddiq

, who was accused of communist links. He and his supporters were arrested and suppressed. The Shah bolstered the power and influence of the secret police, creating a repressive atmosphere in which even moderate protest was quickly quelled.

The global recession and the oil

industry collapse of the mid-1970s placed the Shah’s government in peril. The Iranian people, who had been resentful of the social inequities and religious repression inherent in the monarchy, became increasingly angry in the face of huge budget deficits and other economic failures. The society was ripe for revolution.Slide6

The Opposition, circa 1978

Group

Outlook

National Front and

Tudeh

Party

Leftist in orientation.

The National Front had been the party of

Musaddiq

, and the

Tudeh

was the party of communist intellectuals. Both had been suppressed, with most of the

Tudeh

members facing execution or exile.

Mujahadeen

and the

Fedayeen

Parties

These organizations were established

by middle class young people who were frustrated by the inaction of the National Front and the

Tudeh

parties. Many of the members advocated a secular life for Iran, something that

alientated

many potential supporters. Both organizations were infiltrated by the secret police and were suppressed.

Independent

Intellectuals and Artists

Although

these individuals were never part of an established movement, their academic and journalistic work, which often called into question the suppression of Islamic thought, encouraged the average person to view the struggle against the Shah as potentially religious in nature.

The Clerics

Although they were by no means a homogenous group, the clerics

were able to get their message across in the mosques to large audiences.Slide7

The Iranian RevolutionSlide8

Ayatollah Rouhollah

Khomeini

In 1964, Ayatollah Khomeini had been exiled for his opposition to the Shah, first to a remote region of Iran, then to Iraq, and finally to France. By the mid-1970s, his anti-Shah speeches were being played in mosques across the country, via cassette tape. Increasingly, Iranian critics looked to Ayatollah Khomeini for guidance, paying special attention to his 1970 book,

Islamic Government: Authority of the

Jurist

. Ayatollah Khomeini was in an excellent position to take advantage of the revolutionary turmoil that emerged in the late 1970s.Slide9

The End of the Shah’s Rule

On January 18, 1979, the Shah left Iran due to “medical reasons,” and on February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran – over a million people rallied in the streets of Tehran in welcome.

On February 11, 1979, the military capitulated, and on March 30, 1979, the people voted to establish an Islamic Republic, with Ayatollah Khomeini as its leader.Slide10

Three Phases of the Iranian Republic

The First Republic, 1979-1989

The Second Republic, 1989-1997

The Third Republic, 1997-Present

During the

consolidation of the republic, the government eliminated or suppressed its obvious opposition in the persons of the Shah’s supporters, but it also quelled the voices of many of the intellectuals who had originally supported the revolution. The eight-year war with Iraq provided justification for extraordinarily repressive measures. Universities were closed for years, and a narrow interpretation of Islamic Law led to major changes in the daily lives of the people.

The

death of Ayatollah Khomeini and the end of the Iran/Iraq War led to a new era of political life in which the emphasis was on building up the Iranian infrastructure that had been damaged during the revolution and the war. Moderate clerics became more prominent in society, leading the way for the election, in 1997, of President Mohammad

Khatami

.

From 1997-2005, President

Khatami

relaxed the cultural and intellectual prohibitions that had stultified Iran’s public life. Although

President

Khatami’s

reforms were welcomed by many Iranians, his successor,

Presdient

Mahmoud

Ahmadinejad

, has reversed many reforms and governs from a more conservative viewpoint.Slide11

Satrapi’s

Persepolis

(2000-2003)

This brief background presentation should help you to make sense of the

politcal

and cultural events that

Satrapi

describes in her graphic narrative,

Persepolis. The primary source for this lecture was:Kamrava, Mehran

. The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since

the First World

War

. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.