Anatomical Language Chapter 1 Pages 1422 The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures 2015 Pearson Education Inc ID: 765024
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Anatomical Language Chapter 1 Pages 14-22
The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for:PositionDirectionRegionsStructures © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Language of Anatomy Anatomical position Standard body position used to avoid confusionTerminology refers to this position (regardless of actual body position) Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Frontal Cephalic Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) KEY: Thorax Abdomen (a) Anterior/Ventral Upper limb Upper limb Acromial Deltoid Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Digital
Directional Terms Explain the location of one body structure in relation to anotherExamples of common terms:Above/belowFront/back Left/right Middle/outside/in-between Top/bottomShallow/deep © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Above/Below Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above Inferior (caudal): away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Front/Back Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front ofDorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3).
Left/Right or Middle/Outside/In-between Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side ofLateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Top/Bottom Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunkDistal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3).
Shallow/Deep Superficial (external): toward or at the body surfaceDeep (internal): away from the body surface; more internal © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3).
Body Landmarks Regional Terms are used for: Anterior (ventral)Posterior (dorsal ) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Frontal Cephalic Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) KEY: Thorax Abdomen (a) Anterior/Ventral Upper limb Upper limb Acromial Deltoid Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Digital
Figure 1.5b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. (b) Posterior/Dorsal Upper limb Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Digital Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Fibular Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Occipital (back of head) Cephalic Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Sural (calf) KEY: Back (Dorsum)
Body Planes and Sections Sections: cuts along imaginary lines known as planesdivide the body into different parts depending on the type of section Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Planes and Sections sagittal section : divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts median , or midsagittal, section: divides the body ( or organ ) into equal left and right partsfrontal, or coronal, section: divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts transverse, or cross, section: divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.6 The anatomical position and planes of the body—median, frontal , and transverse with corresponding MRI scans. (a) Median ( midsagittal ) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane Vertebral column Rectum Intestines Right lung Left lung Heart Liver Stomach Spleen Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer
Body Cavities Body cavities provide varying degrees of protection to organs housed within themThere are two main body cavities:DorsalVentral © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.7 Body cavities. Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Spinal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity KEY: Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
The Dorsal Body Cavitiy Two subdivisions: Cranial cavityHouses the brainProtected by the skull Spinal cavity Houses the spinal cord Protected by the vertebrae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Ventral Body Cavity Two subdivisions separated by the diaphragmThoracic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thoracic Cavity The cavity superior to the diaphragm Houses heart, lungs, and other organsMediastinum (the central region) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Abdominopelvic Cavity The cavity inferior to the diaphragm Superior region: contains the stomach, liver, and other organsvulnerable: protected only by trunk muscles Inferior region : contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum bony pelvis provides some protection © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quadrants and Regions The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into four quadrants nine regions© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Figure 1.9 The nine abdominopelvic regions . Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Hypo- gastric (pubic) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder
Additional body cavities: Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavityOrbital cavitiesMiddle ear cavities© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.