How Plants Colonized Land Which of the following are the closest algal relatives of land plants psilophytes charophytes chrysophytes bacillariophytes rhodophytes Which of the following are the closest algal relatives of land plants ID: 488756
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Slide1
Plant Diversity I:
How Plants
Colonized LandSlide2
Which of the following are the closest algal relatives of land plants?
psilophytes
charophytes chrysophytes bacillariophytes rhodophytesSlide3
Which of the following are the closest algal relatives of land plants?
psilophytes
charophytes chrysophytes bacillariophytes rhodophytesSlide4
The relationship between a gametophyte and a sporophyte in a liverwort is like the relationship between
a brother and a sister.
a grandparent and a grandchild.an uncle and a nephew.a parent and a child.two cousins.Slide5
The relationship between a gametophyte and a sporophyte in a liverwort is like the relationship between
a brother and a sister.
a grandparent and a grandchild.an uncle and a nephew.a parent and a child.two cousins.Slide6
Plants that evolved vascular tissue are more advanced than plants without vascular tissue. One of the consequences is that vascular tissue enabled plants to
reproduce via spores.
store water.grow taller.develop stomata.support large gametophytes.Slide7
Plants that evolved vascular tissue are more advanced than plants without vascular tissue. One of the consequences is that vascular tissue enabled plants to
reproduce via spores.
store water.grow taller.develop stomata.support large gametophytes.Slide8
One thing you should be able to conclude from this figure is that
gametophytes have
fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do.gametophytes evolved before sporophytes.gametophytes grow
from sporophytes.
gametophyte cells come about by mitosis; sporophyte cells come about by meiosis.Slide9
One thing you should be able to conclude from this figure is that
gametophytes have
fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do.gametophytes evolved before sporophytes.gametophytes grow
from sporophytes.
gametophyte cells come about by mitosis; sporophyte cells come about by meiosis.Slide10
Stomata are found in every group of sporophyte plants except the liverworts. According to the hypothesis that stomata evolved only once among the bryophytes, this is evidence that
liverworts resemble the most primitive plants.
liverworts don’t need to exchange gases with the atmosphere.liverworts have lost the ability to make stomata.liverworts are able to fix nitrogen.gametophytes are more important in liverworts.Slide11
Stomata are found in every group of sporophyte plants except the liverworts. According to the hypothesis that stomata evolved only once among the bryophytes, this is evidence that
liverworts resemble the most primitive plants.
liverworts don’t need to exchange gases with the atmosphere.liverworts have lost the ability to make stomata.liverworts are able to fix nitrogen.gametophytes are more important in liverworts.Slide12
Which of the following plants have a sporophyte that is nutritionally dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte?
ferns
mosseswhisk fernshorsetailsSlide13
Which of the following plants have a sporophyte that is nutritionally dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte?
ferns
mosseswhisk fernshorsetailsSlide14
Which of the following evolutionary innovation of seed plants enabled them to outcompete ferns and other seedless plants that dominated through the end of the Carboniferous period?
heterospory
reduced, dependent gametophytesvascular systems flowersSlide15
Which of the following evolutionary innovation of seed plants enabled them to outcompete ferns and other seedless plants that dominated through the end of the Carboniferous period?
heterospory
reduced, dependent gametophytesvascular systems flowersSlide16
early
forests contributed to a large drop in CO
2
levels.
CO
2
removed
from the air was stored in marine
rocks.
seedless
vascular plants forming the first forests became coal.
plants
reduce the rate at which chemicals such as calcium and magnesium are released from socks into soil.
Seedless vascular plants affected
Earth
and its other life in all of the following ways
exceptSlide17
early forests contributed to a large drop in CO
2
levels.
CO
2
removed
from the air was stored in marine rocks.
seedless vascular plants forming the first forests became coal.
plants reduce the rate at which chemicals such as calcium and magnesium are released from socks into soil.
Seedless vascular plants affected Earth and its other life in all of the following ways exceptSlide18
liverworts
mosses
hornworts
bryophytes
lycophytes
Which of the following are not considered a
nonvascular
plant?Slide19
liverworts
mosses
hornworts
bryophytes
lycophytes
Which of the following are not considered a
nonvascular
plant?Slide20
Sporophylls
—modified
leaves that bear
sporangia
Strobili—cone-like
structures formed from groups of
sporophylls
in
lycophytes
and gymnosperms
Sori
—clusters
of
sporangia produced by fern
sporophylls
Megaspores—develop
into male gametophytes
Which term is correctly matched with its definition?Slide21
Sporophylls
—modified
leaves that bear sporangia
Strobili—cone-like
structures formed from groups of
sporophylls
in
lycophytes
and gymnosperms
Sori
—clusters
of sporangia produced by fern
sporophylls
Megaspores—develop
into male gametophytes
Which term is correctly matched with its definition?Slide22
Scientific Skills Exercises
Researchers
set up experimental and control microcosms, or small artificial ecosystems, to measure the release of minerals from rocks. First, they placed rock fragments of volcanic origin, either granite or andesite, into small glass containers. Then they made a suspension of water and macerated (chopped and crushed) moss of the species
Physcomitrella
patens
. They added this mixture of water and moss to the experimental microcosms. For the control microcosms, they filtered out the moss and just added the water.
After 130 days, they measured the amounts of various minerals found in the water in the control microcosms and in the water and moss in the experimental microcosms. Slide23
How did the setup of the control and experimental microcosms differ?
Control
microcosms did
not
contain living moss, while experimental microcosms did contain living moss.
Control
microcosms contained minerals in the water, while experimental microcosms did
not
contain minerals in the water.
Control
microcosms did
not
contain rock of volcanic origin, while experimental microcosms did contain rock of volcanic origin.
Control
microcosms contained water, while experimental microcosms did
not
contain water.Slide24
How did the setup of the control and experimental microcosms differ?
Control
microcosms did
not
contain living moss, while experimental microcosms did contain living moss.
Control
microcosms contained minerals in the water, while experimental microcosms did
not
contain minerals in the water.
Control
microcosms did
not
contain rock of volcanic origin, while experimental microcosms did contain rock of volcanic origin.
Control
microcosms contained water, while experimental microcosms did
not
contain water.Slide25
Why did the researchers add filtrate from which macerated moss had been removed to the control microcosms?
to
control for the possibility that the filtrate contained material derived from moss
to
control for the possibility that the filtrate included nutrients released from granite or andesite
to
provide replication
to
control for the possibility that the filtrate contained living moss cellsSlide26
Why did the researchers add filtrate from which macerated moss had been removed to the control microcosms?
to
control for the possibility that the filtrate contained material derived from moss
to
control for the possibility that the filtrate included nutrients released from granite or andesite
to
provide replication
to
control for the possibility that the filtrate contained living moss cellsSlide27
The bar graphs show the mean total amount of each element weathered from rocks in the control and experimental microcosms. Slide28
Overall, what is the effect of moss on the chemical weathering of rock?
Moss
increases the chemical weathering of rock.
Moss
does
not
increase the chemical weathering of rock.
It
is not clear whether or not moss increases the chemical weathering of rock.Slide29
Overall, what is the effect of moss on the chemical weathering of rock?
Moss
increases the chemical weathering of rock.
Moss
does
not
increase the chemical weathering of rock.
It
is not clear whether or not moss increases the chemical weathering of rock.Slide30
Why were mineral nutrients released in the control microcosms?
The
release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms indicates the extent of abiotic weathering of rock.
The
release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms indicates the extent of biotic weathering of rock.
The
release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms was due to organic acids released by mosses.
There
was no release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms.Slide31
Why were mineral nutrients released in the control microcosms?
The
release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms indicates the extent of abiotic weathering of rock.
The
release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms indicates the extent of biotic weathering of rock.
The
release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms was due to organic acids released by mosses.
There
was no release of mineral nutrients in the control microcosms.Slide32
Review the earlier bar graph. How does the moss’s chemical weathering effect on granite compare to the weathering effect on andesite?
Moss
increased the release of all three elements (calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from both granite and andesite.
The
results are not conclusive about the effect of moss on the chemical weathering of granite and andesite.
Moss
did not alter the release of calcium, magnesium, and potassium from granite and andesite.
Moss
decreased the release of all three elements (calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from both granite and andesite.Slide33
Review the earlier bar graph. How does the moss’s chemical weathering effect on granite compare to the weathering effect on andesite?
Moss
increased the release of all three elements (calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from both granite and andesite.
The
results are not conclusive about the effect of moss on the chemical weathering of granite and andesite.
Moss
did not alter the release of calcium, magnesium, and potassium from granite and andesite.
Moss
decreased the release of all three elements (calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from both granite and andesite.Slide34
Based on their experimental results, the researchers added weathering of rock by nonvascular plants to simulation models of the Ordovician climate. The new models predicted decreased CO
2
levels and global cooling sufficient to produce glaciations in the late Ordovician period. Which of the following assumptions did the researchers make in using results from their experiments in climate simulation models?
They
assumed the modern moss
P. patens
increased the availability of mineral nutrients by breaking down granite and andesite.
They
assumed that the effect of Ordovician mosses on the chemical weathering of rock was similar to the weathering caused by the modern moss
P. patens
.
They
assumed that chemical weathering by mosses reduced atmospheric CO
2
levels, producing dramatic climatic cooling in the late Ordovician period.
They
assumed the modern moss
P. patens
increased the weathering of rock.Slide35
Based on their experimental results, the researchers added weathering of rock by nonvascular plants to simulation models of the Ordovician climate. The new models predicted decreased CO
2
levels and global cooling sufficient to produce glaciations in the late Ordovician period. Which of the following assumptions did the researchers make in using results from their experiments in climate simulation models?
They
assumed the modern moss
P. patens
increased the availability of mineral nutrients by breaking down granite and andesite.
They
assumed that the effect of Ordovician mosses on the chemical weathering of rock was similar to the weathering caused by the modern moss
P. patens
.
They
assumed that chemical weathering by mosses reduced atmospheric CO
2
levels, producing dramatic climatic cooling in the late Ordovician period.
They
assumed the modern moss
P. patens
increased the weathering of rock.Slide36
How do these experimental results and models demonstrate that life has profoundly changed
Earth
?
The
results show that early nonvascular plants could have caused enough chemical weathering of rock to
increase
atmospheric CO
2
levels.
The
results show that nonvascular and vascular plants utilize rock-based minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
The
results show that mineral nutrients are released by the weathering of rock in the absence of living cells.
The
results show that early nonvascular plants could have caused enough chemical weathering of rock to
reduce
atmospheric CO
2
levels.Slide37
How do these experimental results and models demonstrate that life has profoundly changed
Earth
?
The
results show that early nonvascular plants could have caused enough chemical weathering of rock to
increase
atmospheric CO
2
levels.
The
results show that nonvascular and vascular plants utilize rock-based minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
The
results show that mineral nutrients are released by the weathering of rock in the absence of living cells.
The
results show that early nonvascular plants could have caused enough chemical weathering of rock to
reduce
atmospheric CO
2
levels.