Lyme by Suann Yang Department of Biology SUNY Geneseo Geneseo NY NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE When Ella Buss was a third grader she suffered from mysterious severe headaches and joint pain Her parents took her to the doctor where she was diagnosed with juv ID: 775434
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Slide1
Taking the Time to Understand the Uptick in
Lyme
bySuann YangDepartment of BiologySUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY
NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE
Slide2When Ella Buss was a third grader, she suffered from mysterious severe headaches and joint pain. Her parents took her to the doctor where she was diagnosed with juvenile arthritis. Later, a blood test revealed that it was actually Lyme disease. Treatment and care of Lyme disease is relatively straightforward in the early stages, but by the time Ella’s condition was correctly diagnosed, the opportunity to prevent neurological damage had passed.
(Ella Buss)
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Slide3Pain is a constant for Ella and can flare to unbearable levels, interrupting her life in unexpected ways. She sometimes has to be picked up in the middle of sleepovers. Over the course of the last two years, Ella missed a considerable number of school days. Other symptoms include tiredness and sensitivity to noise. For example, if the lunch room is too noisy, she eats lunch alone.
Letter to Ella from her sister Lucy
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Slide4The diagnosis was a surprise for the family, who lives in Webster, New York, a busy suburb of Rochester. Ella’s mother, Jamie Buss, says that Lyme disease education in Western New York is lacking. People like the Buss family, who enjoy spending time outside camping and hiking, know about prevention (tick checks), but not about long term therapy. This lack of public knowledge is a concern because the number of cases of Lyme disease has been on the rise in suburban areas such as Webster.
(Photo
of Buss family.)
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Slide5What questions do you have about Lyme disease and the ticks that carry it?
On your own, write down one or more questions that you have (2 min)
Ticks that carry Lyme disease become engorged after 48 to 72 hours
engorged tick
(Photo:
Stuart Meek)
(Photo: NIAID)
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Slide6This case study will address:
What kind of ticks carry the disease? How do people get Lyme disease from ticks?Why are Lyme disease cases increasing?
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Slide7Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick or deer tick) transmitsLyme disease to humans
Ticks that carry Lyme disease become engorged after 48 to 72 hours
engorged tick
(Photo:
Stuart Meek)
(Photo: NIAID)
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Slide8Image credit: CDC via Wikimedia Commons
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Slide9Borrelia burgdorferi is the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
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Slide10Symptoms of Lyme infectionare wide-ranging
FatigueHeadacheRashFeverSweatsChillsMuscle painJoint painNeck painProblems sleepingNeuropathy
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Slide11Ecological model of Lyme disease
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Slide12Interactions between species are classified by the effect
that the interaction has on fitness.
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Slide13In
parasitism, a parasite derives its nourishment from a second organism, its host, which is harmed.
-
fitness effect
+ fitness effect
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Slide14Work with a neighbor: Sketch a graph to predict how population sizes of interacting species are related to one another (3 min).
Mouse population size
Tick population size
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Slide15CQ#1:
Which graph best matches your predictions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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Slide16redrawn from Ostfeld et al. (2006)
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Slide17The species in the Lyme disease model
make up part of a food web.
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Slide18In herbivory, a herbivore eats part of a plant or alga.
+
fitness effect
+ fitness effect
- fitness effect
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Slide19Additional species include foxes, coyotes,
and different bird species.
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Slide20More types of interactions between species!
+
-
+
-
+
-
Interspecific competition
Predation
Mutualism
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Slide21CQ#2:
What type of interaction occurs between gray foxes and coyotes?
redrawn Fedriani et al. (2000)
interspecific competition
predation
mutualism
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Slide22CQ#3:
What do you conclude regarding foxes, coyotes, and Lyme disease?
redrawn from Levi et al. (2012)
redrawn
Fedriani
et al
. (2000)
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Slide23CQ#3: What do you conclude regarding foxes, coyotes, and Lyme disease?
When coyotes outnumber foxes, Lyme disease is more likely
When coyotes outnumber foxes, Lyme disease is less likely
When foxes outnumber coyotes, Lyme disease is more likelyThere are no relationships among foxes, coyotes, and Lyme disease
redrawn from Levi et al. (2012)
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Slide24Cases of Lyme disease have beenincreasing in number.
(EPA)
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Slide25Reported cases of Lyme disease–2001
Webster, NY
1 dot placed randomly within county of residence for each confirmed case
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Slide26Webster, NY
1 dot placed randomly within county of residence for each confirmed case
Reported cases of Lyme disease–2015
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Slide27Webster, NY
1 dot placed randomly within county of residence for each confirmed case
Reported cases of Lyme disease–2017
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Slide28The ecological model of Lyme disease alsoincludes abiotic factors.
competition
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Slide29Discuss with your neighbor: Using our ecological model of Lyme disease what are possible explanations for the increase of Lyme disease cases? (5 min)
competition
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Slide30CQ#4: What is the relationship between deer abundance and Lyme disease?
Lyme incidence (2006-2008)
redrawn from Levi
et al. (2012)
Greater Lyme incidence with more deerGreater Lyme incidence with fewer deerNo relationship between Lyme incidence and deer population size
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Slide31Fewer deer does not always lead to lower incidence of Lyme disease.
redrawn from Levi
et al.
(2012)
Daniels et al. (1993) vs. Wilson et al. (1984)
Photo: Living Alongside Wildlife
Lyme incidence (2006-2008)
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Slide32Webster, NY is a typical Rochester suburb – homes separate forest fragments.
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Slide33Selected forest patches (fragments) of different sizesCounted the number of nymphsCounted the number of nymphs with B. burgdorferi
Allan
et al. (2003) conducted an experiment to examine how forest fragmentation might affect Lyme disease risk.
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Slide34Work separately with a neighbor: Split up the two graphs. Each person makes a prediction and sketches their graph to represent the prediction. (3 min)
Size of forest fragment
Density of nymphs
Size
of forest fragment
Density of
infected nymphs
+
Hint: Consider how forest fragment size could affect the components of our model
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Slide35Share graphs with a neighbor: Compare/contrast your predictions.Share your reasoning for your predictions.Make changes if necessary and be ready to report your ideas to the rest of the class. (5 min)
Size
of forest fragment
Density of nymphs
Size
of forest fragment
Density of
infected nymphs
+
35
Slide36redrawn from Allan et al. (2003)
+
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Slide37competition
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Slide38Can you classify interactions between species based on the effect that the interaction has on each species’ fitness?
-
fitness effect
+
fitness effect
(
redrawn from Barbour & Zückert 1997)
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Slide39Can you predict how interacting species influence each other’s population abundance and distribution?
Mouse population size
Tick population size
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Slide40Can you use models to represent biological systems and make predictions of outcomes?
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Slide41Can you interpret graphs of data from biological experiments?
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Slide42ReferencesAllan, B. F., F. Keesing, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2003. Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk. Conservation Biology 17:267–272.Anderson, J. F., R. C. Johnson, and L. A. Magnarelli. 1987. Seasonal prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25:1564–1566.Barbour, A.G. and Zückert, W.R., 1997. Genome sequencing: New tricks of tick-borne pathogen. Nature 390(6660):553.Buss, J. 2017, May 17. A cautionary tale about Lyme disease. https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/lifestyle/2017/05/17/webster-girls-lyme-disease-started-headaches-and-things-got-worse/101788856/.CDC. 2017. Signs and Symptoms | Lyme Disease | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html.Daniels, T. J., D. Fish, and I. Schwartz. 1993. Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Lyme disease risk by deer exclusion. Journal of Medical Entomology 30:1043–1049.Fedriani, J. M., Fuller, T. K., Sauvajot, R. M., and York, E. C. 2000. Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores. Oecologia, 125:258-270.Keirans, J. E., H. J. Hutcheson, L. A. Durden, and J. S. H. Klompen. 1996. Ixodes (Ixodes) scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae): redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical variation, and medical and veterinary importance. Journal of Medical Entomology 33:297–318.Kilpatrick, A. M., A. D. M. Dobson, T. Levi, D. J. Salkeld, A. Swei, H. S. Ginsberg, A. Kjemtrup, K. A. Padgett, P. M. Jensen, D. Fish, N. H. Ogden, and M. A. Diuk-Wasser. 2017. Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372:20160117.Levi, T., Kilpatrick, A. M., Mangel, M., & Wilmers, C. C. (2012). Deer, predators, and the emergence of Lyme disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:10942-10947.Ostfeld, R. S., C. D. Canham, K. Oggenfuss, R. J. Winchcombe, and F. Keesing. 2006. Climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in Lyme-disease risk. PLOS Biology 4:e145.Ostfeld, R. S., T. Levi, F. Keesing, K. Oggenfuss, and C. D. Canham. 2018. Tick-borne disease risk in a forest food web. Ecology 99:1562–1573.Ostfeld, R.S., T. Levi, F. Keesing, K. Oggenfuss, and C.D. Canham. 2019. Data from: Tick-borne disease risk in a forest food web [dataset]. Dryad. DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d1c8046. Schmidt, K. A., and R. S. Ostfeld. 2001. Biodiversity and the dilution effect in disease ecology. Ecology 82:609–619.Telford, S. R., T. N. Mather, S. I. Moore, M. L. Wilson, and A. Spielman. 1988. Incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 39:105–109.Wilson, M. L., J. F. Levine, and A. Spielman. 1984. Effect of deer reduction on abundance of the deer tick (Ixodes dammini). The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 57:697–705.Wu, A. 2018, April 16. Young girl supported by Lyme Disease advocate, her mom. https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/tech/science/environment/2018/04/16/lyme-disease-mothers-journey-accidental-advocate/502103002/.
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