Impact of Hydropower Projects and of the Division of Waters Between India and Pakistan on Fish Fauna in the Indus Basin Muhammad Rafique Vaqar Zakaria and Cate Brown Hydropower Developments in Indus ID: 816646
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Slide1
TAJ PALACE, NEW DELHI | 12 – 14 SEPTEMBER 2016
Impact of Hydropower Projects and of the Division of
Waters
Between India and Pakistan
on Fish Fauna in the Indus Basin
Muhammad
Rafique
, Vaqar Zakaria and Cate Brown
Slide2Hydropower Developments in Indus Basin
Slide3River Obstructions Before 1947
Headworks and canals were constructed for irrigationMajor n
etwork was on the rivers of Punjab viz., Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and JhelumThe network was mainly restricted in the Indus plains
Slide4Barrages and Headworks
Nos.
Barrages
CountryYear of completion
RiverUse1
Madhopur Headworks India1875Raviirrigation2Sidhnai BarragePakistan1886Ravi
irrigation
3
Balloki
Barrage
Pakistan
1913
Ravi
irrigation
4
Rupar
Headworks
India
1882
Sutlej
irrigation
5
Ferozepur Barrage
India
1922-1927
Sutlej
irrigation
6
Sulemanki
Barrage
Pakistan
1922-1927
Sutlej
irrigation
7
Islam Barrage
Pakistan
1922-1927
Sutlej
irrigation
8
Panjnad
Barrage
Pakistan
1932
Sutlej-Jhelum
irrigation
Slide5Nos.
Barrages
CountryYears
of completionRiverUse
9Rasul HeadworksPakistan
1901Jhelumirrigation10Mangla HeadworksPakistan1905-1915JhelumIrrigation11Trimmu barrage
Pakistan
1939
Jhelum
irrigation
12
Panjnad
Headworks
Pakistan1929Jhelumirrigation13Khanki HeadworksPakistan1892ChenabIrrigation14Marala BarragePakistan1915ChenabIrrigation15Sukkur BarragePakistan1932IndusIrrigation
Barrages and
Headworks
Slide6Few barrages were constructed after partition and signing of Indus Water Treaty in 1960These obstructions were constructed mainly in Pakistan
River Obstructions 1947-1962
Slide7Barrages 1947-1962
Nos.
Barrages
CountryYear of completionRiver
Purpose1
Guddu Barrage Pakistan1962IndusIrrigation2Jinnah BarragePakistan1947Indus
Irrigation
3
Taunsa
Barrage
Pakistan
1959
Indus
Irrigation4Trimu BarragePakistan1939IndusIrrigation5Kotri BarragePakistan1955IndusIrrigation
Slide8Slide9Barrages
Slide10The eastern
rivers viz., Ravi, Beas and Sutlej were allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan Pakistan was given
the exclusive rights over the use of the western rivers viz., Jhelum, Chenab and Indus with some stipulations for development of projects on these rivers in
India Pakistan was to construct a system of works to
accomplish the replacement from the western rivers the water supplies for irrigation canals in Pakistan, which on 15th August, 1947 were dependent on water supplies from the eastern rivers
Indus Water Treaty
Slide111- Storage Reservoirs
No.
Storage
RiverCountryYear of completion
Use1Mangla
JhelumPakistan1967Irrigation + power2ChashmaIndus Pakistan1971Irrigation3
Tarbela
Indus
Pakistan
1976
Irrigation + power
Replacement Plan Works Constructed As A Result Of Indus Water Treaty 1960
Slide12Barrages
No.
Barrage
RiverCountryYear of Completion
Use1
SidhnaiRaviPakistan1965Irrigation2SiphonSutlej Pakistan1965Irrigation3
Qadirabad
Chenab
Pakistan
1967
Irrigation
4
Rasul
JhelumPakistan1967Irrigation5Chashma IndusPakistan1971Irrigation6Marala ChenabPakistan1968Irrigation
Slide13Link Canals
No.
Link Canal
RiversLength (Miles)1
Trimmu - SidhnaiChenab-Ravi
442Sidhnai – Mailsi Ravi-Sutlej623Mailsi – BahawalMailsi-Bahawal canal10
4
Rasul
–
Qadirabad
Jhelum-Chenab
30
5Qadirabad – BallokiChenab-Ravi806L.C.C. Feeder Chenab-Ravi207Balloki – Suleimanki IIRavi-Sutlej398Chashma - Jhelum Indus-Jhelum639Taunsa – Panjnad 38
Slide14Following are the main Impacts due to reduced river flows:
Species diversity compromised Change in species composition and associationsExtirpation of individual species Migration of fish fauna blockedBreeding and feeding of fishes impacted
River habitats degraded and fragmented Changes in water qualityDeterioration of Indus Delta
Impacts of River Diversions in the Indus Plain
Slide15Extremely Reduced Water flows
Impacts of River Diversions in the Indus Plain
Slide16Sutlej River Bed as a result of water storage in the reservoirs near Bahawalpur
Sutlej downstream of
Bhakra
Dam
Extremely Reduced Water
Flows
Slide17(Tenualosa
ilisha, Palla)
Impact on Migratory
Fish Species
Slide18Tor putitora
, MahseerWas abundant in rivers Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum and Indus in the Indus plain area until 60s.
Population has been compromised due to habitat fragmentation and deterioration of breeding grounds
Totally vanished from all the rivers of the Indus plainPopulation restricted in to small pockets in Himalayan areas
Impact on Migratory Fish Species
Slide19(Rita rita
, Khagga)It is a typical riverine fish and found primarily in the main channel of large rivers with ample flows.
Due to over exploitation and loss of breeding grounds, populations of this fish species are facing the threat of extinction.
Once famous fish of Ravi and Sutlej, is now extirpated from the whole stretch of Ravi and Sutlej mainly due to low flows.A decline of 33.5% in catch for this species reported from 1960 to 2000 (IUCN).
Extirpation of Individual
Species
Slide20Monopterus
cuchiaDeclining at an alarming rate due to water obstruction, habitat destruction, and pollution.
Ravi is the most polluted river with no dilution and Sutlej is almost dry, and hence the fish has been extirpated from these rivers.
Extirpation of Individual
Species
Slide21Barilius
naseeriDanio rerioMegarasbora
elongaBotia lohachata
Amblyceps mangoisNandus
nandusBadis badis
Colisa laliaMacrognathus aralMacrognathus pancalusOther Species almost Extirpated
Slide22A- Mangrove Forest Destruction
Mangrove forests an important ecosystem in in the Indus Delta.Sixth largest in the world
Source of timber, fuel-wood , fodder, wildlife habitat, migratory waterfowl and breeding/ nursery grounds for fish, shrimps, crabs.
The water, nutrients and silt due to floods sustains the mangroves.About fifty to sixty years back, 80-105 MAF of water was discharged to the delta depositing up to 400 million tons of silt
.Due to dams and water diversion upstream, the water outflow has been reduced significantly. The mangrove forest area has reduced from 263,000 hectares in 1977, to 158,500 hectares in 1990, showing reduction of 38%.
Impacts on Indus Delta
Slide23Slide24Slide25Sea water Intrusion in coastal areas of Sindh
Slide26Insufficient
Water Supply
has
Rendered many Wetlands Dry
Slide27Indus Blind Dolphin at Risk
Slide28Mainly restricted in the Himalayan and Karakoram RegionEndemic fish fauna and fauna of special concern restricted in the Himalayan and Karakoram Region
Impacts of Hydropower Projects
Slide29Hydropower Developments in Indus Basin
Slide30No
Dam
RiverCapacity (MW)
Completion1Chamera
IRavi540
In operation2Chamera IIRavi300In operation3Chamera
III
Ravi
231
In operation
4
Ranjit
Sagar DamRavi600In operation5Pandoh damBeas990In operation6Bhakra -Nangal damSutlej1600In operation7Nathpa jhakri dam
Sutlej
1500
In operation
8
Salal
I&II
Chenab
690
In operation
9
Dul
Hasti
I & II
Chenab
780
In operation
10
Sawalkot
I&II
Chenab
1200
Under investigation
Hydropower
Projects in
India and Pakistan
Slide31No
Dam
RiverCapacity (MW)
Completion11
Bursar I &II
Chenab1020Under investigation12Pakwal Dul I&II Chenab1000
Under investigation
13
Seli
Chenab
715
Under investigation
14Raltle I&II Chenab560Under investigation15Karwar Chenab520
Under investigation
16
Kiru
Chenab
600
Under investigation
17
Kirthi
I&II
Chenab
600
Under investigation
18
Gypsa
I&II
Chenab
395
Under investigation
Hydropower
Projects in
India and Pakistan
Slide32Nos.
Dam
RiverCapacity (MW)
Completion18
Naunat
Chenab400Under investigation 19Shamnot Chenab
370
Under investigation
20
Barinium
Chenab
240
Under investigation21Ans Chenab200Under investigation22
Raoli
Chenab
150
Under investigation
23
Bichari
Chenab
104
Under investigation
Hydropower
Projects in
India and Pakistan
Slide33Pakistan planned: 62,
India Planned: 74
Nos.
DamRiver
Capacity (MW)Completion24
Kishan Ganga Neelum330Under construction25Neelum-JhelumNeelum
969
Under construction
26
Parnai
Poonch
65
Under construction
27GulpurPoonch100Under construction28Kundal Shahi – IINeelum600Planned29DudhnialNeelum
960
Planned
30
Rajdhani
Poonch
132
Planned
31
Kotli
Poonch
100
Planned
32
Sehra
Poonch
100
Planned
33
Patrind
Kunhar
147
Under construction
Hydropower
Projects in
India and Pakistan
Slide34Nos.
Dam
RiverCapacity (MW)
Completion34Kohala
Jhelum1100
Planned35Azad PattanJhelum222Planned36
Abbasian
Jhelum
360
Planned
37
Mahal
Jhelum511Planned38KaroteJhelum720Planned39Uri I &II Jhelum480Operational40
Lower Jhelum
Jhelum
105
Operational
41
Upper Sind-phase II
Jhelum
105
Operational
42
Ujh
Jhelum
280
Under construction
43
Gangabal
Jhelum
100
Under construction
Hydropower
Projects in
India and Pakistan
Slide35Species
Critically Endangered
Endangered
VulnerableNear Threatened
EndemicGlyptothorax
kashmirensis+ --+Tor putitora-+
-
-
-
Triplophysa
stolkiczki
-
---+Triplophysa kashmirensis----+Schizothorax
plagiostomus
richardsonii
-
-
+
-
-
Barilius
pakistanicus
-
-
-
-
+
Cyprinus
carpio
+
Glyptothorax
stocki
-
-
-
-
+
Schistura
nalbanti
-
-
-
-
+
Schistura
afasciata
-
-
-
-
+
Schistura
alepidota
Botia
rostrata
-
-
+
-
-
Ompok
bimaculatus
-
-
-
+
-
Fish fauna of special concern in Jhelum Drainage
Slide36Status: Critically Endangered (Year of assessment, 2010)
Population Trend (IUCN 2010)The species is assessed as Critically Endangered due to a predicted decline of more than 80% over the next five to ten years due to irreversible threats caused by damming the rivers at several locations and introduction of exotic species.The species will be affected drastically as it is a fast flowing
river species, with dams causing pools and alterations to the river flow regime.
Geographical Distribution:Jhelum-Poonch drainage and Kurram River
Glyptothorax
kashmirensis (Kashmir Catfish)
Slide3737 of 31
Glyptothorax
kashmirensis
(Kashmir cat fish)
Slide38Status: Endangered (Year of assessment, 2010)
Justifications (IUCN):Tor putitora
is a widely distributed species in south and Southeast Asia, with a restricted area of occupancy. The species is under severe threat from overfishing, loss of habitat, decline in quality of habitat resulting in loss of breeding grounds.
With several dams planned for construction in future in the Himalayan region, they could have a more drastic effect on fish populations blocking their migrations and affecting their breeding.Population Trends (IUCN):
The species is estimated to have declined by more than 50% in the past and if the current trends continue and with the new dams being built, the population may decline even up to 80% in the future.
Tor Putitora (Golden Mahasher)
Slide3939 of 31
Tor
Putitora
(Golden
Mahasher)
Slide40Determination of ecological flows downstream of dams
Basin-wide Cumulative Impact Assessment and ManagementCapacity building of the stakeholders
Development and Implementation of Biodiversity Management Plans
Mitigation Measures
Slide4141