Olesia LazerPankiv Olesia LazerPankiv PhD Associate Professor Institute of Philology Department of General Linguistics Classical Philology and Neohellenistic ID: 1044972
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1. LATIN LANGUAGE AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYOlesia Lazer-Pankiv
2. Olesia Lazer-Pankiv, PhD, Associate Professor Institute of Philology, Department of General Linguistics, Classical Philology and Neohellenistics, Institute of Philology (room 141)+38 067 964 40 22pinax.com.uaLazer-Pankiv, O., Pysmenna, Iu. (2019). Latin Language and Medical Terminology: A Practice and Reference Book for Students. Kyiv : Logos
3. Google Classroom:https://classroom.google.com/c/MTQ1MzM3ODkwNjkz?cjc=nfnv6chZoom: https://us04web.zoom.us/j/79891046785?pwd=aDVnMElxMElvbXl6eHhpWTJTZFRwdz09Identification number: 798 9104 6785Code of Access: 2G1SbP
4. HISTORY OF LATIN LANGUAGE
5. LINGUA LATINAis a classical languagewas originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula, by Latins
6. Latin became the dominant language in ItalyThe Romans conquered the then known world – Latin became the universal language of Italy and the provincesThe Romance languages (Romanic languages, Latin languages, or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin between the 6th-9th centuries
7. WHY MEDICAL STUDENTS SHOULD LEARN LATIN
8. 1) HISTORY OF MEDICINEHippocrates (460-377 BC) (Ancient Greece)Claudius Galenus (130-200 AD) (Ancient Rome)Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037 AD) (Arabia)The Hippocratic School and, later on, Galen formulated the theories which dominated medicine up to the beginning of the 18th century. Latin was the language of science up to the beginning of the 18th century, so all medical texts were written in Latin.The Hippocratics were the first to describe diseases, and the names given by them to many conditions are still used today (arthritis, nephritis, pleuritis).
9. 2) SUITABLE FOR THE BUILDING OF COMPOUND WORDSgastrectomy = the total removal of a stomachwhen new terms are needed, Latinized Greek words or Latin words are used to express the new ideas, conditions, or instruments (such recent words are appendicitis, creatinine, cystoscope, epinephrine, streptococcus etc.) about one-half of our medical terminology is less than a century old
10. 3) CLASSICAL ROOTS FORM AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGELatin as a “dead” language does not develop and does not belong to any country or nationIt has a number of advantages such as constancy, international character and neutrality
11. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYLatin and Ancient Greek roots are used as traditional language material in theology, biology, and especially in medicine.MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes, conditions affecting it, and procedures performed upon it. clinical terminology (Greek origin: e.g. cardiology, nephropathia, gastritis)anatomical terminology (Nomina Anatomica) (Latin terms: e.g. cor, ren, ventriculus)Pharmaceutical terminology (prescriptions; standard international nomenclature of drugs)French: e.g. massage, passage, plaque, pipette, bougieItalian: e.g. varicella, belladonna, influenza
12. LATIN ALPHABET
13. Initially (Ist BC) contained 21 lettersYy and Zz were added to reproduce Greek letters and sounds (they remain in the terms of Greek origin)Since 16th AD – 26 letters (Jj, Vv and Ww were added)
14. LetterNamePronunciationExamples – Latin (English)Aaaa as in “under”cáput (head)Bbbeb as in “bath”bráchium (shoulder)Cctsets as in “plants”k as in “coner”cérvix (neck)cósta (rib), crísta (crest)Ddded as in “danger”déxter (right)Eeee as in “met”vértebraFfeff as in “fast”fácies (surface, face)
15. LetterNamePronunciationExamples – Latin (English)Gggeg as in “get”gáster (stomach)Hhhah as in “hand”hómo (man)Iiii as in “sit”vagína (vagina)Jjyotj as in “yes”májor (large)Kkkak as in “key”skéletonLlell as in “life”lábium (lip)Mmemm as in “medical”meátus (passage)
16. LetterNamePronunciationExamples – Latin (English)Nnenn as in “night”násus (nose)Oooo as in “spot”córpus (body)Pppep as in “palmer”pálpebra (eyelid)Qqkuk as in “quite”quádriceps (four-headed)Rrerr as in “rend”ren (kidney)Ssess as in “solve”z as in “nose”solútio (solution) incisúra (slit or notch)Tttet as in “ten”tráctus (tract)
17. LetterNamePronunciationExamples – Latin (English)Uuuu as in “put”púlmo (lung)Vvvev as in “van”válva (valve)Xxiksks as in “next”rádix (root)Yyypsilon (igrek)i as in “crystal”týmpanum (drum)Zzzetaz as in “zero”zygóma (check-bone)Letter Ww is used only in geographical and proper names, as well as in medical terminology: syndromum Wilsoni, unguentum Wilkinsoni
18. PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELSThe Latin vowels are similar to the corresponding English vowels:a as in “under”: cáput (head), ana (equally)e as in “met”: vértebra, internus (internal)i as in “sit”: vagína (vagina), linea (line)y as in “crystal”: tympanum (drum) (only in Greek borrowings)o as in “spot”: córpus (body), os (bone)u as in “put”: púlmo (lung)Ii - /i/ before and after consonants: ita (such), tunica (layer) - /j/ at the beginning of a word or syllable, before a vowel or between two vowels; letter Jj is used (twofold writing is possible): major / maior (big), jejunum / ieiunum (intestine) NB!!! No Jj in Greek borrowings: Iodum (Iodine), Iodiformium (iodiform).
19. Diphthong is a combination of two vowels pronounced together in one syllable.au /au/ áuris (ear), Aurum (gold)eu /eu/ pléura (pleura), pneumoniaNB!!! The endings -eus, -eum are not diphthongs.PRONUNCIATION OF DIPHTHONGS
20. Digraph is a combination of two vowels pronounced together as one sound.ae/oe /e/vertebrae (vertebrae), aegrotus (sick) oedema (swelling), coena (meal)NB!!! Two dots placed over the letter e indicate that ae or oe are not digraphs and their letters denote different sounds:áër /a-er/ airdíploё /diploe/ spongy substancePRONUNCIATION OF DIGRAPHS
21. PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTSc /ts/ before /e, i/ cérvix (neck), cýstis (bladder), caécum (cecum), medicina (medicine) /k/ before a, o, u, before consonants and at the end of a word cáput (head), cósta (rib), cutis (skin), crísta (crest), lac (milk), occipitalis (occipital)g /g/ glandula (gland), gravis (heavy)j /j/ jejunum (intestine)K /k/ only in borrowings: skeleton, keratitis
22. PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTSl always palatalized and soft as in look, live, life: longus (long)s /z/ between two vowels or between a vowel and m or n: mensis (month) casus (case) nasalis (nasal) /s/ before vowels, consonants and at the end of a word: sanus (healthy) costa (rib)x /ks/ lex (law) /gz/ between vowels: examinatio, exemplumz /z/ in Greek words: zona (belt) /ts/ in words of other origin: Zíncum (zinc) (German), influénza (grippe) (Italian)p, t, k are not aspirated as in English
23. PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANT DIGRAPHS!!! Only in words of Greek origin:ch as /kh/: núcha /nuha/ (neck)ph as /f/: ráphe /rafe/ (suture)rh as /r/: rhéxis /reksis/ (rupture)th as /t/: thórax /toraks/ (chest)NB!!! Terms of non-Latin origin are pronounced due to the rules of their original language: French: dragée, chancre English: shunt German: Spatel (spatula), Stamm (strain)
24. PRONUNCIATION OF LETTER COMBINATIONSngu /ngv/ before vowels: língua (tongue, language), sanguis (blood) /ngu/ before consonants: ángulus (angle)qu /kw/ áqua (water)su /sv/ before vowels a,e: suávis (pleasant) /su/ in different syllables: súlcus (furrow, groove)ti /tsi/ before vowels: spátium (space), articulátio (joint), injectio (injection), operatio (operation) /ti/ before consonants; in combinations -xti-, -sti-, -tti-: tíbia (shinebone), óstium (opening), mixtio (mixture)
25. EXERCISES
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