Types of aggression Physical vs verbal Relational includes ostracism Direct and indirect Displaced and Triggered displaced Active vs passive Reactive vs proactive Antisocial behavior vs aggression vs violence ID: 385303
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Slide1
Aggression and RejectionSlide2
Definitions
What is aggression? Violence? Antisocial behavior? Slide3
Operational definitions
Aggression questionnaire
(Buss & Perry, 1972)
Conflict Tactics Scales
(Straus et al., 1996)
Olweus
Bullying and Victimization
Questionnaire (
Olweus
, 1996)
Peer nominations
Experimental manipulations
What is the best way to measure aggression? Slide4
Types of aggression
Physical vs. verbal
Direct
and indirect
Active
vs. passive
Reactive vs. proactive
Relational (includes ostracism)
Displaced and Triggered displacedSlide5
Theories
Who is the theory/theories associated with?
What does it say causes aggression?
When will there be more/less aggression?
Which types of aggression does it mostly deal with?
How would you reduce aggression, according to this theory?
What type of theory is it? (cognitive, evolutionary, motivational, etc.)Slide6
Instinctual/PsychoanalyticSlide7
Frustration-aggressionSlide8
Learning theoriesSlide9
Physiological arousalSlide10
Social cognitiveSlide11
Social information processing model (Crick & Dodge, 1994
)
Encode
(notice)
Interpret situation
Decide on goal
Think of possible responses
Evaluate possible responses
Enactment (do it) Slide12
General aggression model (Anderson; Figure 8.2)Slide13
CultureTime
Herding cultures (Southern Culture of Honor,
Nisbett
, Cohen)
Gender
Cultural influencesSlide14
Violent video game effects
What would aggression theories predict about VVG effects?
Why do people play VVG?
What effects does the APA report suggest VVG have?
On what areas are there still not much data?
Are there alternative explanations for these effects? Slide15
Results of Meta-Analyses for All Outcomes
Calvert, S. L., Appelbaum, M., Dodge, K. A., Graham, S., Nagayama Hall, G. C., Hamby, S., . . . Hedges, L. V. (2017). The American Psychological Association Task Force assessment of violent video games: Science in the service of public interest.
American Psychologist, 72
(2), 126-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0040413
© 2017 American Psychological AssociationSlide16
What do meta-analyses really tell us?
Hilgard
et al., 2017 reanalysis of Anderson et al, 2010
Kepes
et al., 2017 response
Mathur
&
VanderWeele
, 2019
What are some researcher
dfs
in meta-analysis?
What is their conclusion? Slide17
Table 1. Estimates From Video-Game Meta-Analyses
DOI: (10.1177/1745691619850104) Slide18
Halbrook, O’Donnell, &
Mselfi
, 2019
Positive effects of VG
Effects may be moderated by:
Motivation for gaming
Skill
How interpret game violence
Outside variables (family, peer, depression)
Social interaction (coop games can be good)
Physical exercise (
exergames
)Slide19
How does the media affect coverage?
How does the media cover violent media?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGF9ilppIiI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_DO9TT15yQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvhovITygBI
Does this occur in other areas of science?
What can scientists do to reduce/address this problem?
Why do people think there is less of a link than there is?
What are our obligations as scientists to the public? Slide20
Comparison of the Effect of Violent Media on Aggression With Effects From Other Domains
Note. All correlations are significantly different from zero. a = the effect of smoking tobacco on lung cancer, as estimated by pooling the data from Figures 1 and 3 in Wynder and Graham's (1950) classic article. The remaining effects were estimated from meta-analyses: b = Paik and Comstock (1994), c = Weller (1993), d = Wells (1998), e = Needleman and Gatsonis (1990), f = Fiore, Smith, Jorenby, and Baker (1994), g = Welten, Kemper, Post, and van Staveren (1995), h = Cooper (1989), i = Smith, Handley, and Wood (1990), and j = Hill, White, Jolley, and Mapperson (1988).
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation.
American Psychologist, 56
(6-7), 477-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.477
© 2001 American Psychological AssociationSlide21
Effect of Media Violence on Aggression: News Reports Versus Scientific Studies
Note. Ratings based on news reports are positive if the article said that exposure to media violence is positively related to aggression. Correlations based on scientific studies are positive if media violence was positively related to aggression.
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation.
American Psychologist, 56
(6-7), 477-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.477
© 2001 American Psychological AssociationSlide22
What about guns/mass shootings?
Mass shootings in US
Cultural comparisons
Do guns keep us safe?
Dickey amendmentSlide23
Person factors in aggression
Age
Gender
Executive brain function
Serotonin
Testosterone
Dark personality traits
Trait
aggression
Unstable self-esteem (“hollow”;
Baumeister
)Slide24
Situational effects on aggression
Provocation
Bad moods
Pain
Revenge
Alcohol
Marijuana
Heat
, noise, crowding, air pollution
Crowds/Anonymity
Weapons effect (Berkowitz)
Media
violence/video gamesSlide25
Reducing aggression
What doesn’t work? Why?
What does work? Why?
What should we do as parents? Individuals? Society?Slide26
Rejection
How has rejection been studied? Are these equivalent?
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3UTXsJzAj4Slide27
Ostracism blocks needs
Sociometer
theory
(Leary)
Temporal need-threat model (Williams)Slide28
Consequences and purposes
What are the consequences of rejection?
Why are people rejected?
What purpose could rejection serve? Slide29
Multimotive model of reactions to interpersonal rejection experiences.
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009). Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model.
Psychological Review, 116
(2), 365-383. doi:10.1037/a0015250
© 2009 American Psychological AssociationSlide30
Responsive theory of social exclusion (Freedman,
Wms
, Beer, 2016)
What does it add to previous approaches?
What are the source’s needs in rejection?
What types of social exclusion does it describe? Examples?
Is explicit rejection really best? (and if so, why do people choose the other options?)
What are possible moderators?
What makes for a nicer explicit rejection?
How may culture affect this? Slide31
Coming up
Terrorism and extremism (6 articles, no chapters)
Final exam questions before TG break
Paper and presentation rubrics