By: Brian Gonzalez - PowerPoint Presentation

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By: Brian GonzalezAdvisors:Dr. Yoshiko Saito-AbbottDr. Shigeko Sekine

Shaping the culture of Timeliness: University Students’ Perception

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www.istockphoto.comSlide2

AbstractAround the world, the idea of “timeliness” differs between cultures. Humans perceive time as events that happen in a linear sequence, but the importance of time is influenced by one's own culture. For example in my culture which is Mexican there is a belief that “we don’t control the time, we live inside the time.”This capstone investigates the daily lives choices and compares and contrasts how university students perceive “timeliness”. This capstone investigates the subject’s upbringing through home and school and the role both institutions played in shaping their views. Through the use of scenarios this capstone investigates student’s attitudes towards punctuality. My findings show that Japanese students having grown up in a homogenous society it is easy for them agree upon what punctuality means. While American students have a tendency to arrive late to most events, they justified their actions by relating to their heritage.Slide3

OutlineSignificance of studyResearch QuestionsResearch BackgroundResearch Methods

Research FindingsConclusion

Bibliography

Luxury Guangzhou Hotel | Hotel In Guang,www.shangri-la.comSlide4

Significance of StudyWhile in Japan I was told “we don’t want to waste the day trying to get somewhere.”This topic is interesting to me because American and Japanese students have moral and cultural differences.I want to find out through this study what influences university students in Japan and the United States to do make decisions regarding timeliness.

Salaryman

, image ,viewingcorners.wordpress.com Slide5

Research QuestionsTo what extent does a students upbringing in Japan and America such as Family, Education, and self-belief influence their views on timeliness?How do the situations influence the American and Japanese University student's decision making choices on timeliness?

Empty nest feather, image, emptynestfeathers.blogspot.comSlide6

Research Background OutlineHuman perception of timeTransportation and role on TimelinessCultural Perception on TimelinessCultural stereotypes of timelinessOther

cultures view on timeJapan, America, and Mexico’s view on

timelinessSlide7

Human perception of time“the point or period when something occurs. An appointed, fixed, or customary moment or hour for something to happen, begin, or end <arrived ahead of time>” -(Merriam- Webster, Dictionary)“For most people the way in which we measure time by the calendar and the clock is absolute, and by some it was thought that to tamper with either was to court disaster”

-(G.J. Withrow, Time in History)

The Rush Hour Japan,

izismile.comSlide8

Transportations role on timeliness“With high- speed bullet trains and densely-packed urban lines, Japan has one of the busiest railway systems on the planet. Billions of journeys are completed every year on a network renowned for safety, speed, and efficiency.” -(Lauren Said-Moorhouse, The Gateway)“One of the principal reasons for building the interstate highway system was to support national defense

. The system was approved --- during one of the most instable periods of the Cold War. N

ational security dictated development of an efficient national highway system that could move large numbers of military personnel and huge quantities of military equipment and supplies.” -(Wendell Cox, Investment of the Nation)Slide9

Cultural Perception of Timeliness“The Japanese traditional reference to dynastic change was gradually suppressed by the universal time of the world history, the socio-economic stages of development, and the western calendar.” -(Schendel, pg. 94)

“Cultural Values can be obtained from the material students learn at school through the use of textbooks. The views of their nations are introduced at a young age”. -(

Toshie Imada, Cultural Narratives)

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Cultural stereotypes of timelinessThe United States of America- "Money is time; time is money.”France – “They are born with clocks in their stomachs, the lunch hour is sacred”"In places where economic opportunities are limited, it's easier to give up an hour of work for leisure" -- or waiting.- RussiaLatin American and southern European nations, hours and minutes seem hardly to matter

. -( Jane Engle, Punctuality)

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Other cultures view on timeThe Pirahã Tribe: “This small native tribe of the Amazon rainforest, to even consider introducing the concept of time to this tribe would be foolish, as their concept of numbers is non existent.”The Hopi Tribe:

“The Hopi Indian tribe is known for their interesting language: due to its lack of verb tenses and resulting omission of any conception of time.”Nomadic

Tribes of Afghanistan and Iran: “These peoples of nomadic tribes do not feel tied down by time other than the seasons. ”Asian Buddhist Culture: “Although the system of months that so many people live by today is a lunar concept, the strict lunar aspect is sometimes given little thought.” -( Elisabeth Davies, A matter of Time)

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Japan, America, and Mexico’s view on timeliness“When entering the United States , he would feel his whole being switch to rapid clock-time mode: he would walk faster, drive faster, talk faster, and meet deadlines” (Levine,1997)“In Mexico we are inside the time, we don’t control time. We live with the time.”

(Levine,1997)“The Japanese are known to be time conscious people but when it comes time to being part of a meeting they forget about the end time”

(Kido, 2006)Slide13

Research MethodsSubjects total: 60 University StudentsJapanese : 30 University Students 15 male, 15 female, Ages : 18-26American : 30 University Students

15 male, 15 female, Ages: 18-26

Research instrumentsOnline survey through Google Doc, Use of Facebook Japanese Survey English SurveySlide14

What is your status in college?

There are more seniors in the American school system because we have what is called the super seniors.Slide15

what is your ethnicity?The American participants have divested backgroundSlide16

Research question 1To what extent does a students upbringing in Japan and America such as Family, Education, and self-belief influence their views on timeliness?Slide17

Growing up did your parents emphasize being on time?

The American household has discipline depending on the way the household is ran. Different cultures view discipline differently.Slide18

How do you feel about the following statement:

The children would follow by example . Parents would teach their children at homeSlide19

Did your school have a punishment for being late to class?

Japanese children did not have to worry about being late to school because of the way they were raised at home.Slide20

If your school had a punishment, what was it?

The punishment in the schools depended on the type of school that students attended.Slide21

Being on time was emphasized by your schoolAmerican students had to be

reminded to be on time.Slide22

I am okay being late to:

The way in which the children are raised at home and the influence of the schools in which the children attended have an impact on their attitudes towards timeliness.Slide23

What does it mean to be on time in your culture?EthnicityExpected time of Arrival

QuoteMexican American

At least 1 hour late“MEXICAN time definitely exists. A time is set expecting everyone to show up at least an hour later.”African AmericanAlways late“In African-American Culture, there is a joke that deals with being on time. Its called "Colored/Black Time" in where you arrive "Whenever you feel like it”.“

Caucasian5 minutes early“Growing up in a Caucasian household, you're considered on time if you arrive right at the expected time (or 5 minutes early, for good measure).”Caucasian

About

10 minutes late

“On "Jewish standard time" everyone runs about 10 minutes later than normal time.”

Asian

American

None

“In the Chinese culture, being on time or early shows respect, especially when you are meeting your elders. “

other

30

minutes – 1 hour late

“There is such a big I grew up with called "Island time" where most Filipinos are at least half an hour late for everything. My parents never abided by that and neither do I.”Slide24

What does it mean to be on time in your culture?CategoryQuoteTypes of People

“There are two patterns

1) People who worrywart (They always feel the need to be on time) 2) There are a lot of punctual people in Japan, and then I have to be punctual.”Self Image“To be punctual shows a good faith and you are more trustworthy.”Society

“Daily life for public transportation is on a basic schedule. My sense of being on time is natural. We are taught this growing in to adult hood therefore it is natural that everyone thinks this way.When hanging out with study abroad students, I was surprised that people showed up late. I even had to cancel and that brought my confidence down.”Consideration

“I think we are on time in order not to be a bother to the other party. Japanese people are always busy (in their culture) therefore there are a lot of situations where you should be punctual. When going to a meeting, and interview, or an exam you need to be punctual in order not to get in trouble and try not to be a bother to others.”

Preservation

“It is necessary to be punctual in order to preserve human relations”

Good Relations

“To promote human relations this is necessary

This is necessary in order to get trust from people”Slide25

Summary results of Research Question 1The results show that whatever the students learned in their household translated into their attitudes in school.The views of students on punctuality in college is a reflection of the type of punishment they received in their previous schools.Society plays a big role in emphasizing timeliness and reinforced students’ societal expectations.Slide26

Research Question 2How do the situations influence the American and Japanese University student's decision making choices on timeliness? Slide27

How do you think society views being on time?

In the Japanese case, they have an efficient public transportation system; therefore they are expected to be on time.Slide28

What do you believe is the appropriate amount to wait for someone?

Japanese culture

is more willing to wait longer than Americans.Slide29

My decision making choices are influenced by:

Both Japanese and Americans agreed upon family and society having an

impact.Slide30

You are having a family reunion, how early do you arrive?

In the America even though there is the use of cars and public transportation there is still the tendency to arrive late because there is more leniency. Slide31

How long are you willing to wait for:

Japanese and Americans are more likely to wait for someone they already know.Slide32

You have a job interview at a location that takes about an hour by public transportation , How early do you leave?American following cultural norm arrive in advance for further preparation while the Japanese are confident in their public transportation.Slide33

It is necessary to arrive somewhere early,For Japanese it was meeting a mentor and a job interview the reason for being on time. American only saw a job interview as the main reason for being on time.Slide34

Summary of ResultsJapanese and Americans are more likely to wait for someone they know like their friends, significant other, or a teacher.The Japanese will only wait a certain amount of time because in their culture being early is being on time so they have no need to wait longer. Americans are more accepting of the fact people will be late because everyone is different.If it is something important like a meeting with a mentor or a job interview both cultures agreed that everyone needs to be punctual, but Japanese see the need to be early based on the efficiency of public transportation.Slide35

ConclusionThe environment plays a big role in the attitudes the students have towards punctuality and what they expect of others.The Japanese live in a homogenous society so they can easily agree on what punctuality means while Americans have diverse heritage so they have different views on punctuality.There are many factors that play a role in how students view timeliness but it all started at home and their culture supports the decisions they make everyday.Slide36

DiscussionImportant FindingsSociety has the power to change people’s attitudes on timelinessIn the United States, heritage has an influence on the way students view being late.

Limitations

of the StudyParticipants are limited to College students Future StudyExpand study to reflect more different age levels

Include more scenarios that are relevant to all age groups.Slide37

AcknowledgementsThank You very much !!Professors: Saito Sensei and Sekine SenseiMy FamilyFriends

International Students:Kenji Kawasaki

Naoya NagataniTakashi YokoiSatomi ObukiAsumi TakahashiUrara EnomotoYouta SugiyamaSlide38

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