Revolution In the late 1800s the Industrial Revolution tore one country completely apart An estimated 1 million people died Brother fought brother towns and cities were burned to the ground families destroyed millions of homes lost and millions of people rendered destitute p ID: 744383
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Slide1
The Cost of the Industrial Revolution
In the late 1800’s, the
Industrial
Revolution tore one country completely apart.
An
estimated
1 million people
died. Brother fought brother, towns and cities were burned to the ground, families destroyed, millions of homes lost, and millions of people rendered destitute (poor), without homes, jobs, money or food. Slide2
The Cost of the Industrial Revolution
What country was this?
The United States of AmericaSlide3
The American Civil War (1861-1865)Slide4
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)
What caused the American Civil War?
Slavery
Restoring the Country
Slavery
States RightsSlide5
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
1800
- Slavery was on its way out - compared to the value of what they could produce, it was expensive to maintain slaves. Cotton, the main crop of the American South, was a difficult crop to process; its fiber could only be separated from the sticky, embedded seeds by hand, a long and tiring process.Slide6
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What
changed this situation?
The Industrial Revolution.Slide7
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How was the
Industrial
Revolution
responsible for starting the American Civil War?Slide8
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The invention of two new machines, combined with coal powered engines.Slide9
The Cotton Gin
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The Cotton Gin
From this in 1800..
To this by 1840.Slide10
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The Loom – producing high quality cloth cheaply and quickly
Add to that Looms that went from this…
to thisSlide11
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The massive new Looms needed massive new Cotton Gin’s, which meant massive amounts of cotton were now sought, thus the south needed slaves to grow and pick cotton, like never before.
Thousands of new slaves were imported.Slide12
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The
cotton gin transformed the slave South completely, as plantation owners abandoned
other
crops in favor of the newly profitable cotton. To raise more cotton, planters purchased more slaves from Africa and the West Indies before the slave trade was banned in 1808. Thousands of blacks were brought into the United States during these
few years
to tend to cotton fields. The size of plantations increased from
small to
huge farms with
several
hundred slaves each. Because the entire Southern economy became dependent on cotton, it also
was now
dependent on slavery. Slide13
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Year Cotton (bales)
1790 3,135
1800 73,145
1810 177,638
1820 334,378
1830 731,452
1840 1,346,232
1850 2,133,851
1860 3,837,402
Census Year # of Slaves
1790
697,681
1800 893,602
1810
1,191,362
1820 1,538,022
1830 2,009,043
1840 2,487,355
1850 3,204,313
1860 3,953,760
1870 0Slide14
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Cotton
production skyrocketed and this in turn led to an equally dramatic
increase in
the number of slaves. Cotton became the premier American export; the American Journal of
Science and
Arts, states that “the whole domestic exports of the United States in 1825 were valued at
66,940,000 dollars
, of which value, 36,846,000 was in cotton only
.”
This means that over half of America’s export
at this
time was cotton.Slide15
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Within several decades of the cotton gin’s introduction, the economy of South, depended upon cotton, which depended on millions of slaves.Slide16
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
In 1860 South, 1% were considered rich, 5% middle class, the rest, were poor.Slide17
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Slavery in the North ended by 1804,
as all
the states
from Pennsylvania north,
abolished
slavery. In
the cotton-producing regions of the South, over 50% of the population was slaves.Slide18
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The South made a decision to turn its back on the Industrial Revolution and not only stay “in the past” but to increase its agricultural roots and expand its “Plantation” industry.Slide21
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The
South’s 1% Slide22
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)
Cotton
culture did not stimulate urban
growth, the South remained a overwhelmingly
rural
region.
Cotton
culture did not stimulate
industry. Only
15% of American factories
were located
in the South in
1860, and
they tended to be less productive and smaller than northern
ones.
Cotton
production did not help spark the growth of cities or modern
industry. Only a very small part of the population (less than 1%) in the south was getting rich. This doomed the region
to poverty and
underdevelopment.Slide23
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)Slide24
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Seeing that the North with more states and more population would soon vote to end slavery throughout the country, in 1860 the South seceded from The American Union.Slide25
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
T
he
Industrial
Revolution,
responsible for starting the American Civil War, was also responsible for determining the outcome before it started.Slide26
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
When
war broke out in 1861, both sides thought they would win quickly and easily. The Union had experience and international recognition, a robust industrial economy, a strong federal government, twice the population of the South, and twice as many young men for its army. Slide27
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The
new Confederacy had
cotton,
had
much better
military commanders, and believed it could bring Britain into the war on its side. Just as important, however, was the South’s feeling of righteousness that followed secession: Southerners felt they were carrying on the tradition of overthrowing tyrannous governments that the founding fathers of the United States had begun. In addition, Southern soldiers, fighting on their home territory, also had an intense desire to fight to protect their homes and familiesSlide28
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)
Rating the North & the SouthSlide29
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Railroad Lines, 1860Slide30
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Resources: North & the SouthSlide31
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The Union & Confederacy in 1861Slide32
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Men Present for Duty
in
the Civil WarSlide33
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)
Union forces established a blockade of Confederate ports designed to prevent the export of cotton and the smuggling of war material into the Confederacy.
This blockade was created with Union ships.
Prevented Confederate access to weapons that the industrialized North could produce for itself.
Called the
“Anaconda Plan
”
, as it resembled a large snake circled around the South’s access to the Ocean.
Union BlockadeSlide34
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Union BlockadeSlide35
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Inflation in the
South during the warSlide36
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Video
Why we fight, North and South.Slide37
TechnologyRifled MusketsRailroadsSteam-powered ships
Rifled ArtilleryIroncladsSubmarinesMinesTelegraphBalloonsSlide38
First
metal ships in world!Slide39
Technology: Rifled MusketsMost American units in the Mexican War had smoothbore muskets and the lessons of the rifle in the Crimean War escaped most observersBy the time of the Civil War, the rifled musket and the
Minie ball caused a change in military tacticsThe smoothbore musket had a range of 100 to 200 yardsThe new rifle was effective from 400 to 600 yardsSlide40
Technology: Rifled MusketsThe defense gained strength relative to the offenseArtillery lost its ability to safely advance close to the enemy and breach holes in defensesClose-order formations became dangerously vulnerableSlide41
Technology: Rifled MusketsConsequently, frontal assaults proved disastrousFredericksburg, Pickett’s Charge, Kennesaw Mountain
Most significant artillery engagements were defensiveMalvern HillArmies became expert at building breastworksSpotsylvania Courthouse
Federal breastworks at GettysburgSlide42
Technology: RailroadsSeeking to gain the benefits of interior lines, commanders will make the Civil War the first great railroad war
Interior
Lines
Exterior
LinesSlide43
Technology: RailroadsAlthough geography would seem to favor the Confederate ability to gain interior lines, superior Federal railroads gave the Federals
a strong advantage.Slide44
Technology: Rifled ArtilleryPrior to the Civil War, there had not been a single instance in which cannon and mortar had breached heavy masonry walls at ranges beyond 1,000 yardsAfter the War of 1812, General Simon Bernard began devising a plan for a system of 26 forts from which to defend the American coastline
The Bernard system was built on the assumption that masonry forts could absorb a poundingThe advent of rifled artillery would change that assumptionSlide45
Rifled Artillery: Fort PulaskiFort Pulaski sat on Cockspur Island where it defended the mouth of the Savannah RiverIt had brick walls which were seven and a half feet thick and 35 feet high
Federal forces occupied Tybee Island, over a mile away from Fort PulaskiGeneral Robert E. Lee advised the Confederate commander the Federals could “make it pretty warm for you here with shells, but they cannot breach your walls at that distance.” Slide46
Rifled Artillery: Fort PulaskiOn Apr 10, 1862 Federal Captain Quincy Gillmore began bombarding Fort Pulaski with batteries that included nine rifled cannonsDuring a 30 hour bombardment Gillmore breached Fort Pulaski’s walls and compelled the Confederates to surrenderSlide47
Rifled Artillery: Fort PulaskiGillmore noted that his success represented “the first example, in actual warfare, of the breaching power of rifled ordnance at long range” The implications were disastrous for the Confederacy whose coastal defense system was built around forts such as Fort Pulaski
First, Hatteras Inlet had demonstrated that steam power had reversed the historic balance between ship and fortNow, Fort Pulaski had shown the vulnerability of masonry to rifled artilleryOne observer concluded, “An entire defense system, which had taken nearly fifty years to perfect, was made obsolete in less than two days” Slide48
Technology: IroncladsWhat were the ironclads?Basically, an "ironclad" was a steam-propelled warship fitted with plates of iron armor. The steam-propelled ironclads of the 1800s led
directly to the warships of today. Early in the war, the Confederacy began to build an ironclad from the partially scuttled USS MerrimackThe Federals soon followed with the MonitorSlide49
Peninsula Campaign: IroncladsAfter the Confederates converted the old USS Merrimack into an ironclad, they rechristened it the
CSS VirginiaIt’s walls contained 24 inches of oak and pine timbers which were then covered with four inches of armor platingSlide50
Peninsula Campaign: IroncladsThe presence of the Virginia posed a serious threat to the Federal fleetOn March 8, the Virginia made its trial run and wreaked havoc among the five Federal blockade ships anchored in Hampton Roads
As the tide ebbed, the Virginia withdrew to deeper waters, intending to finish her work the next daySlide51
Peninsula Campaign: IroncladsBy then however, the Federal ironclad, the Monitor, had arrived on the sceneThe two fought to a tactical draw, but again the
Virginia had to withdraw to deeper waters giving the Monitor a strategic victoryThe Virginia remained a threat, but fears that she would single-handedly destroy the Federal fleet were now abatedSlide52
Technology: IroncladsEventually the South would build 21 ironclads while the North built 58. The ships built by the north were larger and carried more guns.Ironclads made wooden ships extremely vulnerable and caused a revolution in naval warfare
Ironclads were crucial in running past the Vicksburg batteries.Slide53
Technology: Submarines
The Confederacy experimented with
submarines
The most famous was the H. L.
Hunley
, a 40 foot long, 3.5 foot wide, and 4 foot deep
submarineDesigned for a crew of nineOne man to steer and the other eight to power the vessel by hand-turning a crankshaft that moved the propeller
In spite of sinking twice and
drowning
13 men including its builder Horace L.
Hunley
, the
Hunley received a third crew of volunteers Slide54
Submarines: CharlestonOn the night of February 17, 1864, the Hunley approached the 1,934-ton screw sloop Housatonic off the coast of CharlestonThe Housatonic spotted the
Hunley and engaged her with small arms and tried to escape, but it was too lateThe Hunley exploded its 130-pound spar torpedo, and the Housatonic became the first ship in the history of naval warfare to be sunk by a submarineThe blast however likely damaged the Hunley as well and she sunk while returning to shore Slide55
Technology: MinesIn the Confederate withdrawal up the Virginia Peninsula in 1862, Brigadier General Gabriel Rains placed several primed artillery shells in abatis to slow the Federal pursuitThis initiation of the use of land mines touched off several ethical debates
Many Federals and Confederates considered such tactics “barbaric”Accordingly, Rains was assigned to develop the new technology for river and coastal defenses where it was considered more ethicalSlide56
Mines: Mobile BayTo help narrow the channel at Mobile Bay the Confederates emplaced 180 “torpedoes,” submerged mines fitted with percussion caps or fulminate of mercury fuses that were rigged to detonate upon contact with a ship’s hullAfter his lead ship struck a mine, Federal Admiral David Farragut took charge saying, “I shall lead,” he said. “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead.”
Torpedoes were essential to Confederate coastal and river defenses where the Federal Navy had a clear advantageSlide57
Mines: USS CairoThe Confederates made extensive use of mines in defending VicksburgOn Dec 12, 1862 the USS Cairo
became the first vessel sunk by an electronically detonated torpedoSlide58
Technology: TelegraphThe telegraph allowed both operational and strategic communicationsOperators could hook insulated wire into existing trunk lines to reach into the civilian telegraph network, and extend communications from the battlefield to the rear areas
The telegraph allowed the administrations and War Departments in Washington and Richmond to communicate directly with their commanders in the field Slide59
Technology: BalloonsThaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe beat out several competitors to become the head of the US Balloon CorpsOn June 18, 1861 he sent President Lincoln the first telegraph message from the air during a demonstration flight
Lowe brought seven balloons into service, sometimes flew off of an old coal barge as an “aircraft carrier,” and developed field generators to provide his hydrogen, which allowed the balloons to fly.Slide60
Balloons: Peninsula CampaignDuring the Peninsula Campaign, Lowe ascended above the battlefield in a balloon and used the telegraph to relay his observations to eagerly awaiting Federal commanders like George McClellan
Lowe ascending in the
Intrepid
to observe the battle of Fair OaksSlide61
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Weapons Video
Rifling Slide62
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Weapons Video
New Combat WeaponsSlide63
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The Progress of War: 1861-1865Slide64
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Battle of Gettysburg
This most famous and most important Civil War Battle occurred over three hot summer days, July 1 to July 3, 1863, around the small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It began as a skirmish but by its end involved
over 160,000
Americans.
Before the battle, major cities in the North such as Philadelphia, Baltimore and even Washington were under threat of attack from General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia which had crossed the Potomac River and marched into Pennsylvania.
The Union Army of the Potomac under its very new and untried commander, General George G. Meade, marched to intercept Lee.Slide65
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Battle of Gettysburg
On
Tuesday morning, June 30, an infantry brigade of
Confederate soldiers searching for shoes
headed toward
Gettysburg. The Confederate commander looked through his field glasses and spotted a long column of Federal cavalry heading toward the
town.
Wednesday
morning, July 1, two divisions of Confederates headed back to Gettysburg. They ran into Federal cavalry west of the town at Willoughby Run and the skirmish began. Events would quickly escalate.Slide66
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The Road to Gettysburg: 1863Slide67
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Battle of Gettysburg
Gettysburg VideoSlide68
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Gettysburg CasualtiesSlide69
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Casualties at Gettysburg totaled 23,049 for the Union (3,155 dead, 14,529 wounded, 5,365 missing). Confederate casualties were 28,063 (3,903 dead, 18,735 injured, and 5,425 missing), more than a third of Lee’s army
.
These
irreplaceable
losses to the South’s largest army, combined with the Confederate surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 4, marked what is
the
turning
point in
the Civil War, although the conflict would continue for nearly two more years and witness several more major
battles.Slide70
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The North Initiates the Draft,
1863
The North
could find more troops, the South could not.Slide71
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Civil War
Casualties in
Comparison to Other Wars
Civil War
Casualties in
Comparison to Other WarsSlide75
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Casualties on Both SidesSlide76
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Census Year # of Slaves
1790
697,681
1800 893,602
1810
1,191,362
1820 1,538,022
1830 2,009,043
1840 2,487,355
1850 3,204,313
1860
3,953,760Slide77
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Buy Your Way Out of Military ServiceSlide78
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
After Gettysburg the War continued on for two more years. Interestingly, the South won many of the battles. Question: Why did this not matter.
Finally, on April 8
th
, 1865, General Lee surrenders. The North has won the war.Slide79
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
For decades after, the South, and it’s people, white and black, would suffer for their turning away from the modern age. Poverty, lack of education, disease, hatred, among many others, would be their legacy.Slide80Slide81
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April 12,
1861
April 9, 1865