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Writing Workshop OUC Class 2

Class Objectives Grammar: Parts of Speech Syntax: Subject and Predicates Review Proficiency Assessments Workshop: 8/31 Homework Assignment Homework

Parts of Speech Category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. In English, there are 8 main parts of speech: Noun (common, proper, and pronoun) Adjective Verb Adverb Determiner Preposition Conjunction Interjection

Parts of Speech: Noun (n.) Noun: a person, place, or thing Common Noun: a generic person, place, or thing Examples: door, mountain, dog, cake, classroom, pen, doctor Proper Noun: a name used for an individual person, place, or organization, spelled with an initial capital letter Examples: Jen, Ocean University of China, Grand Canyon, Qingdao Pronoun: a word that can be used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse Examples: he, she, it, this, you, I, me, us, we, they, them Exercise: the words in RED are nouns. What type of noun is each noun? “ Jane loves chocolate . She goes to the store everyday to buy a bag of Godiva chocolates . ”

Parts of Speech: Adjective (adj.) Adjective: a word that DESCRIBES or QUANTIFIES a NOUN: Examples: red, cold, hot, hard, soft, wooden, bouncy, foggy, cloudy, sunny, dreary, eerie, many, few, eleven, hundreds Three types of descriptive adjectives: cool (absolute) vs cooler (comparative) vs coolest (superlative) Attributive Adjective: an adjective which typically sits immediate before the noun it modifies Examples: that is a happy cow Predicate Adjective : an adjective that follows a linking verb Examples: the cow is happy Exercise: the words in RED are adjectives. What type of adjective is each adj.? “ The dairy cow is healthy . It’s the healthiest cow in the group. Much healthier than the cow next to it. It grazes on the green grass. ”

Parts of Speech: Verb (v.) & Adverb (adv.) Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence Examples: run, am, is, was, be, form, spill, pour, sit, stand, go, stay, act, do, does Adverb: a word that DESCRIBES or QUANTIFIES a VERB: Many types of adverbs : place, time, manner , frequency, degree Place Examples: off, abroad, everywhere, here, out, back, behind, down His children go everywhere with him. Let’s see if they’re inside . Time Examples: everyday, daily, now, yesterday, tomorrow, today, tonight, then She went home yesterday . She’s already gone, but she will be back tomorrow . Degree Examples: very, quite, too, extremely, absolutely, almost, barely, certain I barely made the last train. I’m certain I would have missed it if I hadn’t run. Manner Examples: cheerfully, happily, efficiently, slowly, badly, sadly, quickly I quickly ate the slice of cake I bought for dessert happily . Frequency Examples: always, sometimes, often, usually, frequently, typically I normally eat breakfast at 9am everyday. I usually eat cereal. Exercise: can you find the VERBS in the adverb examples above?

Parts of Speech: Determiner & Preposition Determiner: words in front of a noun that make it clear what or who the noun refers to MAIN DETERMINERS: Articles: a/an (indefinite), the (definite) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those Possessive: my/mine, your, his, her, its, our, their PRE- & POST-DETERMINERS: We don’t need to cover these in this class. This is a more adv. topic for later and further study. ZERO Article: in general, no article is used with proper nouns, plural and uncountable/mass nouns, or singular countable nouns Preposition : words that indicate relationships between other words in a sentence Examples: to, up, across, at, under, around, of, in, for, with Direction : Look to the left and you’ll see our destination. Time: We’ve been working since this morning. Location: We saw a movie at the theater. Space: The dog hid under the table .

Parts of Speech: Conjunction (conj.) Conjunction: a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause Coordinating : join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a sentence Examples: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) I love going to the mall, but I spend too much money whenever I go. Correlative: pairs of conjunctions that work together Examples: either/or , neither/nor , not only/but also. Subordinating: join independent and dependent clauses Examples: because , since, as, although, though, while, and whereas We believe our results are accurate although they contradict standing theory Sometimes an adverb, such as until, after, or before can function as a conjunction I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve .

Parts of Speech: Interjection (interj.) Interjection: word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction Used in informal writing . Do NOT use in formal writing. Parenthetical element that’s separate from the rest of the sentence; use punctuation to offset the interj. from the rest of the sentence Examples: hey, whoa, yikes, ouch, well, ahem, whoops, whatever, gee, wow Oops! I accidentally spilled soda in my mom’s purse. Gee, I hadn’t thought of that . I may not succeed, but , hey, at least I tried . Jenny is ignoring me – lame – but it doesn’t matter because I don’t like her anyway.

Subject and Predicates A sentence can be divided into two main parts: S ubject : noun or pronoun that does or perform the verb Predicate : verb + rest of the sentence Examples: I bought a hat My cat ran down the streets

Direct & Indirect Object Direct and Indirect Objects are optional parts of the PREDICATE of a sentence Direct Object : the thing that the subject acts upon Indirect Object : recipient of an action; the recipient of the direct object Remember these formulas: subject + verb + indirect object + direct object subject + verb + direct object + preposition + indirect object Examples: I gave you an exam last week My mother told me an interesting story The teacher wished the boys all success He distributed chocolates to all the boys in his class She ordered a new dress for herself Exercise: identify the subject, verb, and direct and indirect objects in the sentence He bade his friends a sad farewell .

Helpful Online Resources Pronouns: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/pronouns / Adjectives: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective / Adverbs: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adverb / Determiners: https:// www.englishclub.com/grammar/determiners.htm , https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/determiners / Prepositions: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/prepositions / Conjunctions: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/conjunctions / , https:// owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/independent_and_dependent_clauses/index.html Interjections: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/interjection /

Vocabulary 9/3 Elusive. Adjective. difficult to find, catch, or achieve Example: that is an elusive answer to my question Contingent. Adjective. occurring or existing only if (certain circumstances) are the case; dependent on Example: your credit score is contingent upon your financial history Opposed. Adjective. (of two or more things) contrasting or conflicting with each other; Example : the agency is being asked to do two diametrically opposed things Verb. t o disagree with Example: a majority of students opposed closing the cafeteria permanently

Homework 9/3 Write 3 unique sentences using each of the 3 vocabulary words from today . We will review the sentences during our next class. Review section 3 of the English Proficiency Assessment answer key and explain why each answer is correct. (Hint: think about parts of speech and past/present/future tense!) Next class I will assign your passages ; one will be the same every class, so you can track your improvement, and the other will be new each time so you can practice saying new things every day