CLOUD COMPUTING BTEC Pearson Higher Nationals in Computing - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

CLOUD COMPUTING

BTEC Pearson Higher Nationals in ComputingSlide2

Learning OutcomesSlide3

Learning Outcomes

LO2

- Evaluate the deployment models, service models and technological drivers of Cloud Computing and validate their use.Slide4

Cloud Deployment models:Slide5

Private Cloud

A

private cloud

is owned by a single organization.

Private

clouds

enable an organization to use cloud computing technology as a means of centralizing access to IT resources by different parts, locations, or departments of the organization.

When a private cloud exists as a controlled environment, the problems described in the Risks and Challenges section do not tend to apply.Slide6

Private Cloud

The use of a private cloud can change how organizational and trust boundaries are defined and applied.

The actual administration of a private cloud environment may be carried out by internal or outsourced staff.Slide7

Private Cloud

Figure 1 - A cloud service consumer in the organization's on-premise environment accesses a cloud service hosted on the same organization's private cloud via a virtual private network.Slide8

Private Cloud

With a

private cloud

, the same organization is technically both the cloud consumer and cloud

provider.

In order to differentiate these roles:

A separate organizational department typically assumes the responsibility for provisioning the cloud (and therefore assumes the cloud provider role)

Departments requiring access to the private cloud assume the cloud consumer roleSlide9

Public Cloud

A

public cloud

is a publicly accessible cloud environment owned by a third-party cloud provider.

The IT resources on public clouds are usually provisioned via the previously described cloud delivery models and are generally offered to cloud consumers at a cost or are commercialized via other avenues (such as advertisement).Slide10

Public Cloud

The

cloud provider

is responsible for the creation and on-going maintenance of the public cloud and its IT resources.

Many of the scenarios and architectures explored in upcoming chapters involve public clouds and the relationship between the providers and consumers of IT resources via public clouds.Slide11

Public Cloud

The

cloud provider

is responsible for the creation and on-going maintenance of the public cloud and its IT resources.

Many of the scenarios and architectures explored in upcoming chapters involve public clouds and the relationship between the providers and consumers of IT resources via public clouds.Slide12

Public Cloud

Figure 1 - Organizations act as cloud consumers when accessing cloud services and IT resources made available by different cloud providers.Slide13

Community Cloud

A

community cloud

is similar to a public cloud except that its access is limited to a specific community of cloud consumers.

The

community cloud

may be jointly owned by the community members or by a third-party cloud provider that provisions a public cloud with limited access.

The

member cloud consumers of the community typically share the responsibility for defining and evolving the community cloud (Figure 1).Slide14

Community Cloud

Figure 1 - An example of a "community" of organizations accessing IT resources from a community cloud.Slide15

Community Cloud

Membership in the community does not necessarily guarantee access to or control of all the cloud's IT resources.

Parties outside the community are generally not granted access unless allowed by the community.Slide16

Hybrid Cloud

A

hybrid cloud

is a cloud environment comprised of two or more different cloud deployment models.

For example, a cloud consumer may choose to deploy cloud services processing sensitive data to a private cloud and other, less sensitive cloud services to a public cloud.

The result of this combination is a hybrid deployment model (Figure 1).Slide17

Hybrid Cloud

Figure 1 - An organization using a hybrid cloud architecture that utilizes both a private and public cloud.Slide18

Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid deployment architectures

can be complex and challenging to create and maintain due to the potential disparity in cloud environments and the fact that management responsibilities are typically split between the private cloud provider organization and the public cloud provider.Slide19

Cloud Delivery Models

A

cloud delivery model

represents a specific, pre-packaged combination of IT resources offered by a cloud provider.

Three common cloud delivery models have become widely established and formalized:

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (

IaaS

)

Platform-as-a-Service (

PaaS

)

Software-as-a-Service (

SaaS

)Slide20

Cloud Delivery Models

Many specialized variations of the three base cloud delivery models have emerged, each comprised of a distinct combination of IT resources.

Some examples include:

Storage-as-a-Service

Database-as-a-Service

Security-as-a-Service

Communication-as-a-Service

Integration-as-a-Service

Testing-as-a-Service

Process-as-a-ServiceSlide21

Service models:

IaaS

,

PaaS

,

SaaS

,

AaaSSlide22

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (

IaaS

)

The

IaaS

delivery model represents a self-contained IT environment comprised of infrastructure-centric IT resources that can be accessed and managed via cloud service-based interfaces and tools.

This environment can include hardware, network, connectivity, operating systems, and other "raw" IT resources.

W

ith

IaaS

, IT resources are typically virtualized and packaged into bundles that simplify up-front runtime scaling and customization of the infrastructure.Slide23

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (

IaaS

)

Figure 1 - A cloud consumer is using a virtual server within an

IaaS

environment. Cloud consumers are provided with a range of contractual guarantees by the cloud provider, pertaining to characteristics such as capacity, performance, and availability.Slide24

Platform-as-a-Service (

PaaS

)

The

PaaS

delivery model represents a pre-defined "ready-to-use" environment typically comprised of already deployed and configured IT resources.

PaaS

relies on (and is primarily defined by) the usage of a ready-made environment that establishes a set of pre-packaged products and tools used to support the entire delivery lifecycle of custom applications.Slide25

Platform-as-a-Service (

PaaS

)

Common reasons a cloud consumer would use and invest in a

PaaS

environment include:

The cloud consumer wants to extend on-premise environments into the cloud for scalability and economic purposes.

The cloud consumer uses the ready-made environment to entirely substitute an on-premise environment.

The cloud consumer wants to become a cloud provider and deploys its own cloud services to be made available to other external cloud consumers.Slide26

Platform-as-a-Service (

PaaS

)

Figure 1 - A cloud consumer is accessing a ready-made

PaaS

environment. The question mark indicates that the cloud consumer is intentionally shielded from the implementation details of the platform.Slide27

Platform-as-a-Service (

PaaS

)

PaaS

products

are available with different development stacks.

For example,

Microsoft Azure

provides a .NET-based environment, while Google App Engine offers a Java and Python-based environment.Slide28

Software-as-a-Service (

SaaS

)

A software program positioned as a shared cloud service and made available as a

"product"

or generic utility represents the typical

profile

of a

SaaS

offering.

The

SaaS

delivery model is typically used to make a reusable cloud service widely available (often commercially) to a range of cloud consumers. An entire marketplace exists around

SaaS

products that can be leased and used for different purposes and via different terms (Figure 1).Slide29

Software-as-a-Service (

SaaS

)

Figure 1 - The cloud service consumer is given access the cloud service contract, but not to any underlying IT resources or implementation details.Slide30

Software-as-a-Service (

SaaS

)

A

cloud consumer

is generally granted very limited administrative control over a

SaaS

implementation.

It is most often provisioned by the cloud provider, but it can be legally owned by whichever entity assumes the cloud service owner role.

For example, an organization acting as a cloud consumer while using and working with a

PaaS

environment can build a cloud service that it decides to deploy in that same environment as a

SaaS

offering. Slide31

Software-as-a-Service (

SaaS

)

The same organization then effectively assumes the cloud provider role as the

SaaS

-based cloud service is made available to other organizations that act as cloud consumers when using that cloud service.Slide32

Analytics as a service (

AaaS

)

Analytics as a service (

AaaS

)

refers to the provision of analytics software and operations through web-delivered technologies.

These types of solutions offer businesses an alternative to developing internal hardware setups just to perform business analytics.Slide33

Technological drivers:

SOA

Virtualisation

Multicore

Technology

Memory and Storage Technology

Networking Technology

Web 2.0, & 3.0

Software Process Models for Cloud

Programming Models

Pervasive Computing

Application EnvironmentSlide34

SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

is an architectural style that supports service-orientation.

Service-orientation

is a way of thinking in terms of services and service-based development and the outcomes of services.

A service:

Is a logical representation of a repeatable business activity that has a specified outcome (e.g., check customer credit, provide weather data, consolidate drilling reports)

Is self-contained

May be composed of other services

Is a “black box” to consumers of the serviceSlide35

SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)Slide36

SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)

A

service provider

can be in a Cloud or not in a Cloud and a service-oriented architecture (SAO) can involve any combination of Clouds and Non-Clouds.Slide37

SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture)Slide38

SOA Architectural Style

An

architectural style

is the combination of distinctive features in which architecture is performed or expressed.

The SOA architectural style has the following distinctive features:

It is based on the

design of the services

– which mirror real-world business activities – comprising the enterprise (or inter-enterprise) business processes.

Service representation

utilizes business descriptions to provide context (i.e., business process, goal, rule, policy, service interface, and service component) and implements services using service orchestration.Slide39

SOA Architectural Style

The SOA architectural style has the following distinctive features:

It places unique requirements on the infrastructure – it is recommended that implementations use open standards to realize interoperability and location transparency.

Implementations are environment-specific – they are constrained or enabled by context and must be described within that context.Slide40

SOA Architectural Style

The SOA architectural style has the following distinctive features:

It requires strong governance of service representation and implementation.

It requires a “Litmus Test”, which determines a “good service”.Slide41

SOA Architectural StyleSlide42

Virtualization Technology

Virtualization

is the process of converting a physical IT resource into a virtual IT resource.

Most types of IT resources can be virtualized, including:

Servers

- A physical server can be abstracted into a virtual server.

Storage

- A physical storage device can be abstracted into a virtual storage device or a virtual disk.

Network

- Physical routers and switches can be abstracted into logical network fabrics, such as VLANs.

Power

- A physical UPS and power distribution units can be abstracted into what are commonly referred to as virtual UPSs.Slide43

Multicore Technology

Multicore

refers to an architecture in which a single physical processor incorporates the core logic of more than one processor.

A single integrated circuit is used to package or hold these processors.

These single integrated circuits are known as a

die

.

Multicore

architecture

places multiple processor cores and bundles them as a single physical processor. Slide44

Multicore Technology

The

objective

is to create a system that can complete more tasks at the same time, thereby gaining better overall system performance.

This technology is most commonly used in

multicore

processors

, where two or more processor chips or cores run concurrently as a single system.

Multicore

-based processors

are used in mobile devices, desktops, workstations and servers.Slide45

Memory and Storage Technology

Cloud storage

is a cloud computing model in which data is stored on remote servers accessed from the internet, or

"cloud."

It is maintained, operated and managed by a

cloud storage service provider

on a storage servers that are built on virtualization techniques.

Cloud storage

is also known as utility storage – a term subject to differentiation based on actual implementation and service delivery.Slide46

Memory and Storage TechnologySlide47

Memory and Storage Technology

Cloud storage

works through data center virtualization, providing end users and applications with a virtual storage architecture that is scalable according to application requirements.

C

loud

storage

operates through a web-based API that is remotely implemented through its interaction with the client application's in-house cloud storage infrastructure for input/output (I/O) and read/write (R/W) operations

.Slide48

Memory and Storage Technology

When delivered through a public service provider, cloud storage is known as utility storage.

Private

cloud storage

provides the same scalability, flexibility and storage mechanism with restricted or non-public access.Slide49

Networking TechnologySlide50

Networking Technology

Cloud networking

(and Cloud based networking) is a term describing the access of networking resources from a centralized third-party provider using Wide Area Networking (WAN) or Internet-based access technologies.

Cloud networking

is related the concept of cloud computing, in which centralized computing resources are shared for customers or clients. Slide51

Networking Technology

In

cloud networking

, the network can be shared as well as the computing resources.

It has spurred a trend of pushing more network management functions into the cloud, so that fewer customer devices are needed to manage the network.Slide52

Networking Technology

Wireless LAN Leads the Charge

The

Wireless LAN market

was one of the first to start using a more distributed, cloud-based approach to building private networks using WAN and Wireless LAN connections.

Companies including

Aerohive

Networks

,

Meraki

, and

Pareto Networks

popularized the use of cloud networking techniques to create large, distributed Wireless LANs that could be centrally managed in the cloud. Slide53

Networking Technology

Meraki

was acquired by Cisco and Pareto was acquired by

Aerohive

Networks.Slide54

Networking Technology

Improved Internet access and more reliable WAN bandwidth has made it easier to push more networking management functions into the cloud.

This has been one of the drivers of cloud computing services as well as enterprise cloud software.

This, in turn, has spurred demand for cloud networking as well, as customers look for easier ways to access to build networks using a cloud-based services.Slide55

Networking Technology

A standard cloud networking product provides centralized management, visibility, and control of the network.

This could include the management of distributed Wireless access routers or branch-office devices using centralized management in the cloud.

The goal is to create and manage secure private networks by leveraging WAN connections and a centralized management function that can reside in a data center. Slide56

Networking Technology

Connectivity, security, management and control are pushed to the cloud and delivered as a service.

Cloud networking

is a form of Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology, in which groups of networking switches and access devices can deployed over the wide area as shared, virtual resources. Other terms that describe this shift include Software-Defined WAN (SD-WAN) and Cloud WAN.Slide57

Networking Technology

Some of the startups pursuing new technology for optimizing connectivity using SD-WAN include

Cloudgenix

,

Pertino

,

VeloCloud

, and

Viptela

. Slide58

Networking Technology

Software-Defined WAN

The basic concept of cloud networking, in which fewer management devices are installed in the branch offices or client premises and more routing and management functions are pushed to the cloud, is now being pursued for a wider range of networking products, which include branch office routers, WAN optimization software, and firewalls.Slide59

Networking Technology

The use of cloud based networking to manage and deploy network functions across the WAN is also being described as Software Defined WAN (SD-WAN) or

Cloud WAN

.

The trend is broadening, as a wider array of network functions can be deployed using the cloud.

The main goal is to free up services from being attached to specific hardware so that services can be deployed more quickly using software over a networking connection.Slide60

Web 2.0

Web 2.0

is the current state of online technology as it compares to the early days of the Web, characterized by greater user interactivity and collaboration, more pervasive network connectivity and enhanced communication channels. Slide61

Web 2.0, & 3.0

One of the most significant differences between Web 2.0 and the traditional World Wide Web (WWW, retroactively referred to as Web 1.0) is greater collaboration among Internet users, content providers and enterprises.

Originally

, data was posted on Web sites, and users simply viewed or downloaded the content.

Increasingly

, users have more input into the nature and scope of Web content and in some cases exert real-time control over it.Slide62

Elements of Web 2.0

Wikis:

Websites that enable users to contribute, collaborate and edit site content.

Wikipedia

is one of the oldest and best-known wiki-based sites.

The increasing prevalence of Software as a Service (SaaS), web apps and cloud computing rather than locally-installed programs and services.Slide63

Elements of Web 2.0

Mobile computing

, also known as

nomadicity

, the trend toward users connecting from wherever they may be. That trend is enabled by the proliferation of smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices in conjunction with readily accessible Wi-Fi networks

.

Mash-ups:

Web pages or applications that integrate complementary elements from two or more sources.Slide64

Elements of Web 2.0

Social networking:

The practice of expanding the number of one's business and/or social contacts by making connections through individuals. Social networking sites include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+.

Collaborative efforts based on the ability to reach large numbers of participants and their collective resources, such as crowdsourcing, crowdfunding and crowdsource testing.

User-generated content (UGC):

Writing, images, audio and video content -- among other possibilities -- made freely available online by the individuals who create it. Slide65

Elements of Web 2.0

Unified communications (UC):

The integration of multiple forms of call and multimedia/cross-media message-management functions controlled by an individual user for both business and social purposes.

Social curation:

The collaborative sharing of content organized around one or more particular themes or topics. Social content curation sites include Reddit, Digg, Pinterest and Instagram.Slide66

Web

3.0

Web 3.0

is slated to be the new paradigm in web interaction and will mark a fundamental change in how developers create websites, but more importantly, how people interact with those websites.

Computer

scientists and Internet experts believe that this new paradigm in web interaction will further make people's online lives easier and more intuitive as smarter applications such as better search functions give users exactly what they are looking for, since it will be akin to an artificial intelligence which understands context rather than simply comparing keywords, as is currently the case.Slide67

Features of Web 3.0

1) Semantic Web

The next evolution of the Web involves the Semantic Web. The semantic web improves web technologies in order to generate, share and connect content through search and analysis based on the ability to understand the meaning of words, rather than on keywords or numbers.

2) Artificial Intelligence

Combining this capability with natural language processing, in Web 3.0, computers can understand information like humans in order to provide faster and more relevant results. They become more intelligent to satisfy the needs of users.Slide68

Features of Web 3.0

3) 3D Graphics

The three dimensional design is being used extensively in websites and services in Web 3.0. Museum guides, computer games, ecommerce, geospatial contexts, etc. are all examples that use 3D graphics.

4) Connectivity

With Web 3.0, information is more connected thanks to semantic metadata. As a result, the user experience evolves to another level of connectivity that leverages all the available information.Slide69

Features of Web 3.0

5) Ubiquity

Content is accessible by multiple applications, every device is connected to the web, the services can be used everywhere.Slide70

Programming Models

MapReduce

is a popular programming model for processing and performing data intensive tasks on large datasets.

It is a Google initiative for handling large scale web content and offers an excellent framework for developing data mining and machine learning applications in data centers.

This is actually an implementation of an old idea from parallel computing and programming languages.

It allows programmers to think in a data-centric fashion and focuses on applying transformations to sets of data records.Slide71

Programming ModelsSlide72

Programming Models

MapReduce

programming model

using two components: a Job Tracker (

masternode

) and many Task Trackers (slave nodes).

The

Job Tracker

is responsible for accepting job requests for splitting the data input, for defining the tasks required for the job, for assigning those tasks to be executed in parallel across the slaves, for monitoring the progress and finally for handling occurring failures. Slide73

Programming Models

Task Tracker

executes tasks as ordered by the master node.

The task can be either a map (takes a key/value and generates another key/value) or a reduce (takes a key and all associated values and generates a key/value pair). Slide74

Programming ModelsSlide75

Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing

is an emerging trend associated with embedding microprocessors in day-to-day objects, allowing them to communicate information.

It is also known as

ubiquitous computing

.

The terms ubiquitous and pervasive signify "existing everywhere."

Pervasive computing systems are totally connected and consistently available. Slide76

Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing

goes past the arena of desktops so that virtually any device, from apparel to kitchen appliances, could be embedded with microchips, connecting these devices to a boundless network of other gadgets.Slide77

Pervasive Computing

A combination of technologies is used to make pervasive computing possible, such as Internet capabilities, voice recognition, networking, artificial intelligence and wireless computing.

Pervasive computing devices

make day-to-day computing activities extremely easy to access.

Pervasive computing

also has a number of prospective applications, which range from home care and health, to geographical tracking and intelligent transport systems.Slide78

Pervasive Computing

Ubiquitous computing

may be seen to consist of many layers, each with their own roles, which together form a single system:

Layer 1: task management layer

Monitors user task, context and index

Map user's task to need for the services in the environment

To manage complex dependencies

Layer 2: environment management layer

To monitor a resource and its capabilities

To map service need, user level states of specific capabilitiesSlide79

Pervasive Computing

Layer 3: environment layer

To monitor a relevant resource

To manage reliability of the resourcesSlide80

Application Environment

A

cloud application, or cloud app

, is a software program where cloud-based and local components work together.

This model relies on remote servers for processing logic that is accessed through a web browser with a continual internet connection.Slide81

Application Environment

Cloud application servers

typically are located in a remote data center operated by a third-party cloud services infrastructure provider.

Cloud-based application

tasks may encompass email, file storage and sharing, order entry, inventory management, word processing, customer relationship management (CRM), data collection, or financial accounting features.Slide82

Application Environment

Cloud apps vs. web apps

Cloud and web applications access data residing on distant storage

.

A key difference between cloud and web applications is

architecture

.

A

web application or web-based application

must have a continuous internet connection to function.

A

cloud application or cloud-based application

performs processing tasks on a local computer or workstation. An internet connection is required primarily for downloading or uploading data.Slide83

Application Environment

A

web application

is unusable if the remote server is unavailable.

If the remote server becomes unavailable in a cloud application, the software installed on the local user device can still operate, although it cannot upload and download data until service at the remote server is restored.Slide84

Application Environment

The difference between cloud and web applications can be illustrated with two common productivity tools, email and word processing.

Gmail

, for example, is a web application that requires only a browser and internet connection.

Through the browser, it's possible to open, write and organize messages using search and sort capabilities.

All processing logic occurs on the servers of the service provider (Google, in this example) via either the internet's HTTP or HTTPS protocols.Slide85

Application Environment

A

CRM application

accessed through a browser under a fee-based software as a service (

SaaS

) arrangement is a web application.

Online banking and daily crossword puzzles are also considered web applications that don't install software locally.Slide86

Application Environment

An example of a

word-processing cloud application

that is installed on a workstation is Word's

Microsoft Office 365.

The application performs tasks locally on a machine without an internet connection.

The cloud aspect comes into play when users save work to an

Office 365 cloud server

.Slide87

Application Environment

Microsoft Office 365Slide88

Application Environment

Cloud apps vs. desktop apps

Desktop applications

are platform-dependent and require a separate version for each operating system.

The need for multiple versions increases development time and cost, and complicates testing, version control and support. Slide89

Application Environment

Cloud

applications

can be accessed through a variety of devices and operating systems and are platform-independent, which typically leads to significant cost savings

.

Every device on a desktop application requires its own installation. Because it's not possible to enforce an upgrade whenever a new version is available, it's tricky to have all users running the same one. Slide90

Application Environment

The

need to provide support for multiple versions simultaneously can become a burden on tech support.

Cloud applications

don't face version control issues since users can access and run only the version available on the cloud.Slide91

References

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What is Cloud Computing?

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Techopedia.com. (2018). 

What is Analytics as a Service (

AaaS

)? - Definition from

Techopedia

. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/29893/analytics-as-a-service-aaas [Accessed 24 Jul. 2018].

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Techopedia

[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4923/web-30 [Accessed 25/7/2018

].

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].

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Service-Oriented Architecture – What Is SOA?

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Techopedia.com. (2018). 

What is

Multicore

? - Definition from

Techopedia

. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5305/multicore [Accessed 27 Jul. 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). 

What is Cloud Storage? - Definition from

Techopedia

. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26535/cloud-storage [Accessed 27 Jul. 2018].

SDxCentral

. (2018). 

What is Cloud Networking or Cloud Based Networking?

. [online] Available at: https://www.sdxcentral.com/cloud/definitions/all-about-cloud-networking/ [Accessed 15 Aug. 2018].

Techopedia.com. (2018). 

What is Pervasive Computing? - Definition from

Techopedia

. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/667/pervasive-computing [Accessed 15 Aug. 2018].Slide92

References

En.wikipedia.org. (2018). 

Ubiquitous computing

. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing [Accessed 15 Aug. 2018].

Ijcsit.com. (2018). [online] Available at: http://ijcsit.com/docs/Volume%205/vol5issue03/ijcsit20140503252.pdf [Accessed 15 Aug. 2018].

SearchCloudApplications

. (2018). 

What is cloud application? - Definition from WhatIs.com

. [online] Available at: https://searchcloudapplications.techtarget.com/definition/cloud-application [Accessed 15 Aug. 2018].