16071754 Section 3 Native American Conflicts The Powhatan Wars The 1 st Powhatan War 1622 In an attempt to halt English expansion t he Powhatan nation launched a surprise attack against the colonists at Jamestown ID: 338879
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Slide1
Period 21607-1754
Section 3Slide2
Native American ConflictsSlide3
The Powhatan Wars
The 1
st
Powhatan War (1622)
In an attempt to halt English expansion,
t
he Powhatan nation launched a surprise attack against the colonists at Jamestown
¼ of the Jamestown inhabitants were killed, but the remaining settlers responded violently, massacring the Native settlements.
A peace treaty was consecrated with the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas
The 2
nd
Powhatan War (1644)
Another violent attack from the Powhatan killed 500 settlers in Jamestown.
The Jamestown colonists put down the rebellion, and forced the Powhatan Nation to sign a treaty agreeing to abandon Eastern VirginiaSlide4
The Pequot War
1637 – A violent war broke out when the Pequot tribe of New England killed an English fur trader.
A colonial army from Connecticut and Massachusetts, surrounded their village and massacred everyone in the village (men, women, and children).
In the few months that the war lasted, every Pequot Indian was either killed, or sold into Caribbean slavery.Slide5
King Phillips War (1675-1676)
The biggest of the 17
th
century wars against the Native Americans
Metacomet
(called King Phillip), a Wampanoag Chief, launched a massive offensive against the New England Colonies.
Why did
Metacomet
start the war?
To try and stop English encroachment on their land
To combat the forced conversion of Wampanoag Indians to Christianity
The results:
Thousands were killed on both sides, but the colonists successfully repelled the Wampanoag attack and killed
Metacomet
It marked the end of serious Indian resistance in New EnglandSlide6Slide7
What do these uprisings show us?
The Natives were willing to fight to stop westward expansion.
The English were never going to stop the movement Westward
The English were not willing to cohabitate the with the Natives.Slide8
England Exerting Control Over the ColoniesSlide9
Mercantilism
The economic philosophy adopted by the British in the 17
th
Century
The ideas behind
mercantilism
:
Countries should colonize foreign lands as a means of acquiring raw materials
Trade is the driving force behind the economy
Wealth = military strengthSlide10
The Navigation Acts (1650-1673)
What were they?
A series of mercantile laws passed in London, and designed to allow England to surpass the Dutch as the dominant trading power in the Atlantic.
How did they work?
exert more economic control on the colonies in order to create a monopoly over American trade
Tax raw materials from the colonies as a source of revenue
Examples of the Navigation Acts:
All colonial trade had to be carried on English ships
All colonial goods had to pass through British ports to be taxed
Some goods could
ONLY
be exported to England (tobacco)Slide11
The results of the Navigation Acts:
The laws were selectively obeyed and enforced
Smuggling became popular in the colonies as a way of avoiding taxes
A trans-Atlantic
t
rading
s
ystem (
Triangular Trade
) emerged
The colonies traded raw materials to England in exchange for manufactured goods, and rum to Africa in exchange for slaves.Slide12
Trans-Atlantic Trading SystemSlide13Slide14
The Trans-Atlantic Trading
System was born out of Europe’s demand for colonial raw materials.
The results of the trading system:
An interdependent global economy emerged
A massive influx of African slaves to work the fields
The introduction of European ideals (The Enlightenment)Slide15
As the colonies grew more prosperous, England attempted to exert even more control
The Dominion of New England
The King of England consolidated New England, New York, and New Jersey and placed them under the control of an autocratic governor named Edmund Andros.
Under the rule of Andros, land was confiscated from colonists, heavy taxes were levied, and democratic practices were suppressed.
The Dominion collapsed after the King of England was dethroned.Slide16
The Growth of Slavery in the ColoniesSlide17
Why did slavery in the colonies expand in the 17
th
and 18
th
Centuries?
A shortage of labor in the colonies
Lower likelihood of rebellion than with indentured servants (Bacon’s Rebellion)
The South had developed an economy based solely on exporting agricultural goods.
Slaves were cheap labor for the fields
Because of natural reproduction, slaves were a renewable resource to the plantation ownersSlide18
The Slave Trade
Slaves were brought into the western Hemisphere via the “
Middle Passage
” part of the Atlantic Trading System.
The Middle Passage was the brutal trip that slaves had to endure from Africa to the New World
Between 1500-1800, 10 million slaves were imported from Africa
400,000 were shipped into the British colonies
By 1754, slaves made up about 20% of the total population in the colonies. Slide19Slide20
Slavery in the 18th CenturySlide21
Population Growth of the ColoniesSlide22
Between 1700-1754
the population in the colonies had grown from 250,000 to 2,500,00
Two factors in population growth:
Immigration (over 1,000,000 people)
English, Scotch-Irish, Germans
Extreme increase in the birthrateSlide23Slide24
18th Century Colonial General CharacteristicsSlide25
Government
The colonies had developed systems of self-government
Each colony had a
representative assembly with an upper and lower house (like Parliament in Britain)
members were elected by eligible voters
Created laws and levied taxes
Most colonial governors were appointed by the King of England, but even Governors elected by the people needed the King’s approval.
There were constant power struggles between the assemblies (elected by the people) and Royal Governors (appointed by the king).Slide26
How democratic were the colonies?
Some restrictions on voting had been lifted by the start of the 18
th
Century, but voting was not representative of the true majority.
Most middle and upper class men had representation and
could vote
white
women, poor white men, and all slaves
could
NOT
vote
.
In the Southern and Chesapeake colonies, the assemblies were dominated by the landholding elites.
In New England small farmers had more representation, but intellectual elites usually dominated the assemblySlide27
Self government (
Republicanism
) had become engrained in colonial life.
The colonists got used to voting for their representatives and having a voice on laws and taxes.
Important, because when England tries to limit this, it becomes one of the rallying points for the Revolution.Slide28
Hereditary Aristocracy
Unlike Europe, the colonies shunned hereditary aristocracy, but the gap between the social classes was steadily widening.
The Social classes in the colonies:
Wealthy land owners
Craftsman, merchants, and small farmers (The largest group)
SlavesSlide29
Religion in the ColoniesSlide30
Religion
All colonies permitted the practice of different religions with varying degrees of freedoms
Massachusetts was the most restrictive, allowing only protestants (for a while)
Rhode Island and Pennsylvania were the most tolerant – accepting all religions equally
Maryland was originally established for Catholics, but through the
Maryland Act of Toleration
, protestants and Catholics were free to practice their religion.
Although, denying the divinity of Christ was punishable by death.
Most of the Southern colonies were Anglican (Church of England).Slide31
The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)
What caused the Great Awakening?
By the 1730s, the ancestors of the original Puritans of New England had lost focus of religion and were more focused on business and commerce.
Many viewed bad happenings (like King Phillip’s War) as a sign from God that he was displeased with them.
The Enlightenment
movement
emphasized religious independence, and man’s personal search for truth.Slide32
The leaders of the movement:
Johnathan Edwards
, a puritan minister from New England, is often credited with spreading the movement throughout New England
Preached sermons about God’s displeasure with New Englanders and described what the punishment would be like if they didn’t repent
His most famous sermon “Sinners in the hands of an angry God
”
He also emphasized that God was ready to forgive the colonists if they repented.Slide33
George Whitefield
, was a minister from England who is credited with spreading the Great Awakening into the Southern colonies.
He drew huge crowds (over 10,000
)
T
he
influence of the Enlightenment
was visible in his sermons
He preached that ordinary people should rely on faith and self-education, not church leaders, to understand the Gospel.Slide34
Religious Impact of the Great Awakening
The “Old Lights” (established religious leaders) lost some of their influence in the church.
People began to realize that they didn’t need the higher authority in order to learn from the Bible
“New Lights” broke away and formed new denominations within the protestant church.
Baptists, Presbyterian, Methodist
New colleges were formed to train “new light” ministers
Yale, Dartmouth, Rutgers, PrincetonSlide35
Political
Impact of the Great Awakening
People began to question the authority of the established political leaders.
(This is a very important precursor to the 1770s
)
The ideas of
the Enlightenment
spread throughout the colonies Slide36
The Influence of the Enlightenment on the ColoniesSlide37
What was the Enlightenment?
17
th
Century philosophical movement that originated in Europe, and
emphasized
reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authoritySlide38
John Locke
, An English Enlightenment philosopher, had the greatest influence on the thinking of the American colonists (especially during the Revolutionary period).
He wrote the
Two Treatises of Government
stressed “
natural laws
,” or rights that humans are born with.
Argued that government should only exist only to protect the natural rights of humans, and governments that fail to do so, should be overthrown by the people.Slide39
News and Information in the ColoniesSlide40
The Press
In the 50 years leading up to the American Revolution, the amount newspapers in the colonies had grown by 800%
More education opportunities in the colonies meant that more people were informed on current events.
The formation of a postal system allowed news and ideas to spread quickly across the colonies.Slide41
Freedom of the Press
Most newspapers remained hesitant to print critical articles about the government of England until…
John Peter Zenger
, a newspaper editor from New York, was arrested for libel and put on trial for printing a negative article about the Royal Governor of New York.
He was acquitted of all charges.
The long-term results of his acquittal:
This led to editors no longer being afraid of printing critical articles about the British government
Paved the way for the pro-revolution writings of the 1770s