Introduction to Child Development Human Developmentthe way people grow and change across the lifespan Culture the total pattern of a groups customs beliefs art and technology Globalizationconnections between different parts of the world in trade travel migration and communication ID: 715959
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Slide1
Chapter 1
A CULTURAL APPROACH TO CHILD DEVELOPMENTSlide2
Introduction to Child DevelopmentHuman Development-the way people grow and change across the lifespanCulture- the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology Globalization-connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communicationSlide3
Human Development Today and Its Origins Slide4
Variations Across CountriesLO 1.1 Demographic Profiles of Developed and Developing Countries Developed Countries-most affluent countries in the world17% of total world population
Developing Countries-less wealth than developed countries
82% of total world populationSlide5
Demographic Profile of the USLO 1.1 Demographic profiles of developed and developing countries Two reasons the US follows a different demographic pathTotal Fertility rate is higher than most developing countries
United States allows more LEGAL immigration than most developing countriesSlide6
More Cultural VariationVariations between developing and developed countriesIncome
Education
Cultural Beliefs
Individualism
CollectivismSlide7
Majority culture-Sets norms & standards, holds most positions of power.Contexts-Settings & circumstancesSES (Socioeconomic Status)-social class including educational level, income level and occupational status
Variations Within Countries
LO 1.2 Define socioeconomic status Slide8
Variations Within CountriesGender-Expectations of male and female rolesEthnicity-Cultural origin, traditions, race, religion and language
LO 1.2 Define socioeconomic status Slide9
The Origins of Human DiversitySlide10
Evolutionary BeginningsEvolutionary theory proposed by Charles DarwinNatural selectionYoung are born with variations of characteristicsSpecies change little by little each generation
LO 1.3 Evolutionary origins of humansSlide11
Evolutionary BeginningsHumans’ evolutionary beginning shares ancestry with chimpanzees and gorillasHuman evolutionary line called hominid lineHominid line split resulting in Homo speciesHomo species evolved into Homo sapiens
LO 1.3 Evolutionary origins of humansSlide12
The Origins of Human DiversityWe share many characteristics with our hominid relatives: Large brains relative to our body sizeLong period of dependence on adultsCooperative living in small groups
LO 1.4 Applying Evolution to Development Today
Slide13
Human Evolution and Human Development TodayBiologically, we have changed little since the origin of homo sapiens.Our larger brains meant that we were capable of altering our environments.Slide14
Human Evolution and Human Development TodayHuman development can be understood by understanding human evolutionDevelopment is partly based on evolutionLittle biological change since Homo sapiensDevelopment of larger brain contributes to culture and environmental expansionSlide15
Theories of Human DevelopmentSlide16
Classic TheoriesScientific theories have been around for a short time (only about 120 years)The major theories of conceptualizing development are:Psychoanalytic approachPsychosexual-FreudPsychosocial-EriksonBehaviorist approach
Constructivist approach
LO 1.5 Freud and EriksonSlide17
Freud’s Psychosexual TheoryBased on Freud’s belief of sexual desire as the driving force behind human developmentDriven by three psychic structuresId-Basis is pleasure principleSuperego-Basis of conscienceEgo-Basis of reality
LO 1.5 Freud and EriksonSlide18
Freud’s Psychosexual TheoryPsychosexual stages focused on areas of sensation and fixationLimits include: Complexity of human behavior and Freud’s research methodology
LO 1.5 Freud and EriksonSlide19
Table 1.1 Freud’s Psychosexual StagesSlide20
Erikson’s Psychosocial TheoryFocuses on social and cultural environment and not sexualityContinued throughout lifespan and not limited to first six years as FreudEight stages of development characterized by crisis and resolution
LO 1.5 Freud and EriksonSlide21
Table 1.2 Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentSlide22
Behaviorist and Learning Theories
Watson- argued that psychologists can only study observable behavior. Recall Little Albert.
Pavlov- classical conditioning studies with dogs.
Skinner- operant conditioning experiments with rats and pigeons showed how reinforcers can shape behavior.
LO 1.6 Watson, Skinner, & BanduraSlide23
Social learning theory- learning can also occur via observation, without directly experiencing reinforcement or conditioning.
Bandura- Bobo doll experiments
Behaviorist and Learning Theories
LO 1.6 Watson, Skinner, & BanduraSlide24
Piaget’s Stage Theory- focused on how cognition changes as the child interacts with the environment.
Schemes
Two processes involved in the use of schemes:
accommodation
assimilation
Constructivist Theories
LO 1.7 Piaget and VygotskySlide25
Vygotsky’s Social Constructivist Theory- views cognitive development as a social and cultural process.
zone of proximal development
Scaffolding
Constructivist Theories
LO 1.7 Piaget and VygotskySlide26
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological TheoryFocuses on multiple influences that shape behavior.Five levels:Microsystem-Immediate environmentMesosystem-Interconnections between microsystemsExosystem-institutions that have indirect effects on developmentMacrosystem-Cultural Beliefs
Chronosystem-Time
LO 1.8 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological TheorySlide27
Figure 1.3 The Systems in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
How does this theory of human development differ from Freud’s and Erikson’s?
L.O. 1.10Slide28
Stage TheoryPrenatal DevelopmentInfancyToddlerhoodEarly childhoodMiddle Childhood
Adolescence
Emerging adulthood
Young adulthood
Middle adulthood
Late AdulthoodSlide29
How We Study Human DevelopmentSlide30
Scientific Study of Human DevelopmentThe scientific method Composed of 5 steps:Identifying a questionForming a hypothesisChoosing a research method or designCollecting dataDrawing conclusionsSlide31
The Scientific MethodLO 1.9 Scientific Method
Figure 1.4 The Steps of the Scientific MethodSlide32
The Five Steps of the Scientific Method1. Every study starts with an idea or questionCan come from previous research, a theory or personal observation2. Forming a hypothesisThe researcher’s idea about a possible answer to a research questionWill dictate research methods, design, and analysisSlide33
The Five Steps of the Scientific Method3. Choose a research method and designThe way hypotheses are investigated4. Collecting dataResearchers try to collect a sample that represents the population5. Draw conclusionsData is inferred and peer reviewed
Can lead to theory modification or changes Slide34
Ethics in Human Development ResearchInstitutional Review Boards work to prevent ethical violationsEthical guidelines include:Protection from physical and psychological harmInformed consent prior to participationConfidentialityDeception and debriefing
(LO 1.10 Ethical standards) Slide35
Methods and Designs in ResearchResearchers use various methods to investigate human developmentQuestionnairesClosed- or Open-endedInterviews-qualitativeObservationsEthnographic ResearchCase studiesBiological Methods
LO 1.11 Research methodsSlide36
Methods and Designs in ResearchExperiments establish cause and effectTend to have basic componentsExperimental GroupControl GroupIndependent VariableDependent VariableNatural experimentsSlide37
Table 1.4 Research Methods: Advantages and LimitationsSlide38
Methods and Designs in ResearchResearchers use multiple methods, but it is important that they have reliability and validityReliability-Consistency of measurementValidity-Truthfulness of the measureDoes it measure what it claims to measure?Slide39
Developmental Research DesignsThese designs allow researchers to examine changes over time1. Cross-sectionalGathers information from wide age range at a single timeYields a Correlation-measures relation between two variables, but can not prove causation. PositiveNegative
LO 1.12 Research designsSlide40
Figure 1.5 Physical Health and Exercise Are Correlated—But Which Causes Which?
L.O. 1.15Slide41
Developmental Research Designs2. Longitudinal design follows same persons over timeCan focus on how people change over timeCan deal with cohort effects to SOME degreeSlide42
L.O. 1.15