Unit 7 Chapter 12 DNA D eoxyribo n ucleic A cid RNA R ibo n ucleic A cid Where does DNA live The NUCLEUS Why is DNA so Important DNA i s a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some vir ID: 390981
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Slide1
DNA & RNA
Unit 7Chapter 12Slide2
DNA
Deoxyribo
n
ucleic
Acid
RNA
R
ibo
n
ucleic
A
cidSlide3
Where does DNA “live”?
The NUCLEUS!Slide4
Why is DNA so Important?
*
DNA i
s a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses.
*
DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code for making proteins
*
DNA’s codes are converted/changed into messages (mRNA) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins.
*
Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping us alive
Slide5
What are the parts of DNA?
*
D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR)
P = Phosphate
The “Backbone”
Has 2 Parts
2 Strands called:
Double HelixSlide6
What are the parts of DNA?
*
The
“Rungs”
The Nitrogen Bases
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine
A
-
T
C
-
GSlide7
How to remember Nitrogen Bonds:
A bonds with
T
Think: A T & T phone companySlide8
How to remember Nitrogen Bonds:
C bonds with
G
Think: Half circlesSlide9
These are 2 examples of nucleic acids:
A. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria
B. Carbohydrates & Lipids
C. DNA & RNA
D. Nucleus & Ribosomes
Clicker Question #1Slide10
DNA holds the instructions for making:
A. Energy
B. Proteins
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Deoxyribose
Clicker Question #2Slide11
If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then:
A. it also has 80% Guanine
B. it also has 50% Cytosine
C. it also has 80% Adenine
D. it also has 20% Adenine
Clicker Question #3Slide12
What type of sugar is found in DNA?
A. Phosphorous
B. Thymine
C. Ribose
D. Deoxyribose
Clicker Question #4Slide13
The DNA’s code is converted into _____ so it can be sent to ribosomes to make the proteins.
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. ATP
Clicker Question #5Slide14
What are the parts of DNA?
*
Nucleotides:
1 Sugar
1 Phosphate
1 Nitrogen BaseSlide15
Lets Practice:
What are the complementary nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA?
ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG
TAA
GCA
ATA
GCA
GAC
TTT
TGC
What did we just do?
Yes!
We made DNA!Slide16
Why is mRNA Important?
*
mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus
*
mRNA contains the messages from the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins
*
DNA is too big and CAN’T leave the nucleus…it must send messages
Slide17
What are the parts of RNA?
*
Just Like DNA, RNA has:
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
BUT…..
RNA is Made of:
Ribose
(SUGAR)
Phosphate (same as DNA)
Nitrogen Bases (A,
U
, C, G)
First
:
Notice that RNA has 1 Strand!
NO THYMINE in RNA!!
U
stands for
Uracil
….
a different nitrogen baseSlide18
RNA Nitrogen Bases:
A bonds with
U
C
bonds with
G
THYMINE
in RNA!!Slide19
What 3 things make up a
nucleotide?
A. Nucleus, DNA, & RNA
B. Adenine, Thymine, & Cytosine
C. Sugar, Phosphate, & a Nitrogen base
D. Chromosomes, Genes, & DNA
Clicker Question #6Slide20
Where
is mRNA made?
A. In the nucleus
B. In the cytoplasm
C. In the mitochondria
D. In the ribosomes
Clicker Question #7Slide21
What type of
sugar does RNA have?
A. Deoxyribose
B. Carbohydrate
C. Ribonucleic acid
D. Ribose
Clicker Question #8Slide22
Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA
not have?
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Adenine
D. Cytosine
Clicker Question #9Slide23
If a strand of
DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then
A. it also contains 40% Guanine
B. it also contains 60% Thymine
C. it also contains 40% Cytosine
D. it also contains 60% Guanine
Clicker Question #10Slide24
How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein?
*
First:
Transcription
*
Second:
Translation
*
There are 2 major steps in this process
Slide25
How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein?
Transcription
:
Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template.
*
mRNA
:
(
messenger RNA) holds the
recipe for making proteins
*** Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.***
HINT:Slide26
How does Transcription work?
*
QUESTION…have you been to court?
*
There is a person typing what is said and is creating a “court transcript”…which is really a code…shortened version…and later the transcript is translated into all the words that were said for a record.
SHORTENED CODE = mRNASlide27
Transcription Video….Slide28
Lets Practice:
Create a RNA
strand using this sequence of DNA?
ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG
UAA
GCA
AUA
GCA
GAC
UUU
UGC
We just transcribed DNA into mRNA!
This is mRNA!Slide29
What does mRNA do?
A. It carries the instructions from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins
B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to the nucleus to make DNA
C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus to the mitochondria to make energy
D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to make energy
Clicker Question #11Slide30
What is transcription?
A. The process of making energy
B. The process of making proteins
C. The process of making DNA
D. The process of making mRNA
Clicker Question #12Slide31
Lets Practice This Again:
Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA?
ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC
UGU
GCU
AAU
GCC
UAU
GCG
UAG
What did we just do?
YES!
We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA
Now what?Slide32
Now What?...Translation!
Translation
: Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made.
*
Codon
: 3 base code in DNA or RNA
Words to know:
*
Amino Acid
: Compounds joined by peptide bonds
to build proteins
*
Ribosome
: “Reads” mRNA recipes so it can
synthesize/make proteins
ACG ATA CGG CTT
There are 20 different Amino Acids.
Different combination of Amino Acids make different kinds of proteins.Slide33
Now What?...Translation!
*
tRNA
: (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that
transports amino acids to the ribosome
More Words to know:
*
Anticodon
: Nitrogen bases that can pair that
corresponds with the codons on the mRNA
tRNA
Amino Acid
AnticodonSlide34
What happens during translation?
Ribosome
Peptide chain/
Protein Chain
tRNA
Amino Acid
Anticodon
CodonSlide35
Translation Video...Slide36
Link to Transcription Animation
Click HereSlide37
Where does translation occur?
A. In the nucleus
B. In the mitochondria
C. In the DNA
D. In the ribosome
Clicker Question #13Slide38
What is made during translation?
A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. Protein
D. Energy
Clicker Question #14Slide39
What is another name for polypeptide chain?
A. Protein chain
B. Carbohydrate chain
C. Lipid chain
D. Nucleic acid
Clicker Question #15Slide40
#1. AUG GCA UCC UGA
Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop
#2. AUG CCC GGU UAG
Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop
#3. AUG AAG GUG UGA
Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop
Translating mRNA codes into amino acids to create polypeptid chains (protein chains)Slide41
What is the amino acid for the following codons?
AAU
Asparagine (Asn)
GUG
Valine (Val)
UGG
Tryptophan (Trp)Slide42
How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms help biologists?
We can use the sequences to see how organisms are related!
Fish Sequence
:
Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine
Frog Sequence
:
Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Leuicine, Lysine, Lysine
Bird Sequence
:
Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Valine
Lizard Sequence
:
Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine
Which of the following two organisms are MOST closely related?Slide43
The end…
For now…Slide44
DNA Mutations & TechnologySlide45
What are genetic mutations?
Mutation
: Permanent
change
in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes.
Causes of mutations include:
*
Viruses
*
Radiation
*
Chemicals
*
Errors during mitosis and meiosisSlide46
Are mutations harmful?
Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing.
Harmful example:
- Some mutations cause cancer & genetic disordersSlide47
Are mutations harmful?
Helpful example:
- Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria
Slide48
Are mutations harmful?
Not harmful or helpful:
- Peppered moths come in dark or light colorsSlide49
What are some types of mutations?
There are many different types:Chromosomal mutations
1.
InsertionSlide50
What are some types of mutations?
2. DeletionSlide51
What are some types of mutations?
3. TranslocationSlide52
What are some types of mutations?
4. DuplicationSlide53
What are some types of mutations?
Gene mutationsPoint mutations involve changes in one or a few nucleotides
1. Substitutions: one base is changed to a different base. Only affects one amino acid or has no effect at all.Slide54
What are some types of mutations?
Gene mutationsPoint mutations involve changes in one or a few nucleotides
2. Insertions and deletions: one base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence. These are called
frameshift
mutations because they shift the “reading frame” of the genetic message.Slide55
How has technology changed DNA?
Genetic Engineering: Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another organism.
Transgenic Organism
: Organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.Slide56
How has technology changed DNA?
Gel Electrophoresis: Process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size.
We use this to see DNA fragments to create a DNA fingerprint
DNA fingerprints have 2 major uses:
Solve crimes
Figuring out “who’s the baby’s daddy”Slide57
DNA Fingerprinting
Which of the following are his/her parents?
Who did it?Slide58
What is the human genome?
Genome: Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism
The Human Genome Project:
* Began in 1990 and completed in 2003
* Found that we have 3 BILLION chemical base pairs* Used to understand genetic disorders Slide59
What is cloning?
Cloning
: Process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced.
“Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal