HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA - PowerPoint Presentation

HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA BA-III SEMESTER

1. Foundation of British Rule The English came to India as a trading company and their main aim was commercial expansion and to achieve financial benefits. But, due to weak Political condition, mutual conflicts among the rulers, wars of succession; downfall of the the Mughal empire, origin of several independent states, there was lawlessness, disorder and disturbance in the country. The Britishers took advantage of this situation, alongwith trade and commerce they took to political expansion.

BATTLE OF PLASSEY, 1757 A.D. CAUSES OF THE BATTLE Real motives of the English Sirajudaullah became apprehensive of British designs Humiliating attitude of the British towards the Nawab Misuse of commercial concessions by the British English support to the enemies of the Nawab Nawab’s anti-Hindu policy British fortification of Calcutta Black H ole Tragedy Treaty of Alinagar or Calcutta British attack on Chander Nagar Clive’s secret agreement with the enemies of the Nawab

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE No military Significance A decisive battle Beginning of a N ew Era Economic gains of the English Helped in the defeat of the French Transformation in the nature of the East India Company The Puppet Government of Mir Jaffar Personal gains of Clive Weaknesses of Indian Political System exposed Opened way for New Struggles Setback to the supremacy of the Mughal Emperor Enhanced the prestige of the Company

BATTLE OF BUXAR, 1763-64 A.D. CAUSES OF THE BATTLE Political ambitions of the English Personal Lust of English Officers Inefficiency and Inability of Mir Jafar Mir Qasim’s Capability and Popularity Bitterness over the issue of Trade between Mir Qasim and the English Armed struggle between Nawab Mir Qasim and the English

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE Reappointment of Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal Reduction in the postion of the Mughal Emperor Britishers became the partners in the administration British established their supremacy in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa Opened the way for the British expansion towards Delhi It increased the prestige of the British

REFORMS OF WARREN HASTINGS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS End of Clive’s Dual Government Transfer of Treasury to Calcutta Arrangement for Household affairs of Nawab Appointment of Collectors REFORMS IN THE LAND REVENUE SYSTEM Appointment of collectors in districts Establishment of Board of Revenue Five year and one year Settlement of Land Revenune COMMERCIAL REFORMS Abolition of numerous custom duties Reduction in custom duties End of Dastak Commercial delegations to foreign Countries

FINANCIAL REFORMS Abolished the practice of Dastak Abolished several sinecure posts Stopped the annual pension of Shah Alam Reduction of the annual pension of Bengal’s Nawab Gained lot of wealth from Raja Chet singh Districts of Kara and Allahbad were taken away from the Mughal Emperor JUDICIAL REFORMS End of Zamindar’s Judicial powers District’s Judicial system System of Supreme Court Codification of religious laws of Hindus and Muslims Keeping of Court records Maintenance of Law and Order

2. Administrative Reforms: Cornwallis, William Bentick , Lord Dalhousie CORNWALLIS ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Depriving the Indians of High Administrative Posts Deprived the collectors of the Judicial powers Checked corruption by increasing the salaries JUDICIAL REFORMS Civil Courts Amin or Munsif’s Court District court Four Provincial Courts of Appeal Sardar Diwani Adalat King-in-Council

II. Faujdari Courts Court of Daroga District Courts Four Circuit Courts Sardar Nizamat Adalat Penal Code WILLIAM BENTICK FINANCIAL REFORMS Abolished sinecure posts Official expenditure was cut down Salaries of civil servants were reduced License for Opium Confiscation of Jagirs Land Revenue System of N.W. Province

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Appointment of Indians Combined the Posts of Collectors and Magistrates Liberal attitude towards Newspapers JUDICIAL REFORMS Abolition of Courts of Appeal and Circuit Separate courts for N.W. Province in Allahabad Appointment of Indians as Judges Use of native languages Jury System EDUCATIONAL REFORMS New Educational Policy Establishment of new Colleges

SOCIAL REFORMS Abolition of Sati System Abolition of Thugee Abolition of female infanticide End of human Sacrifice Construction of roads and canals Irrigational facilities

LORD DALHOUSIE ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Appointment of Lt. Governor in Bengal Non-regulation System in New Territories Annual administrative reports from Provinces Simla as the Summer Capital Competitive Examinations for high posts MILITARY REFORMS Artillary was shifted from Calcutta to Meerut Army Headquarters were setup at Simla Raised a Gorkha regiment and irregular army in Punjab

ECONOMIC REFORMS Open Trade between India and England Development of Iron and Coal Mines Increase in the production of Jute, Tea and Cotton Administration of forests PUBLIC UTILITY WORKS Railways Post Telegraph Establishment of Separate Public Works Department Roads, Canals and Bridges Measures for preservation of Historical Buildings

SOCIAL REFORMS Prohibition of Sati and female infanticide Widow Remarriage Act End of Human Sacrifice EDUCATIONAL REFORMS Primary education should be promoted Private educational institutions should be promoted The study of native languages should be promoted Government Schools should be opened To impart education to the Indians is our moral duty

3. The Uprising of 1857 POLITICAL CAUSES British Policy of expansionism Wellesley’s Subsidiary System Unethical moves of Ellenborough and Hardinge Lord Dalhousie’s unprincipled policy of Expansionism Dalhousie’s Policy of Lapse Injustice with Nana Sahib Unjustified annexation of Oudh by the Britishers Humiliation of Mughal Emperor Problem of unemployed soldiers Impact of Crimean and Afghan wars Desire to get freedom from slavery

ADMINISTRATIVE CAUSES India ruled from England Ill-treatment of the Indians Indians deprived of high posts Absence of direct contact with the common people No Indian member in the Legislative Council Implementation of Rule of Law Unpopular British Judicial System Unjust Land Revenue System Faulty Police System Discontentment against foreign rule Appointment of Inam Commission

ECONOMIC CAUSES Exploitation of Indians by the British India became a market Destruction of Indian Industries Disruption of Self-dependent economy of villages Drain Of Indian Wealth to foreign countries Blow to Indian trade Miserable condition of the peasants and their bankruptcy Cionfiscation of Rent free lands Educated Indians deprived of high posts Periodical famines Maltreatment with Talukdars Maltreatment with Indigo Cultivators

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CAUSES Racial discrimination and hatred Spread of Christianity Spread of Western education Unpopular measures of Lord Dalhousie Reaction against social reforms Attack on Hindu Culture Violation of Islamic rituals and practices Attack on Caste System Conservative attitude towards new inventions

MILITARY CAUSES Soldiers-an important organ of Indian Society Disproportionate number of European and Indian soldiers Appointment of military officers to civil posts Low salaries and allowances of Indian sepoys Discrimination with Indian sepoys Blow to religious feelings of Indian soldiers IMMEDIATE CAUSE In 1856 A.D., the Govt. decided to give Enfieldd Rifles to the sepoys . Tallow(fat)of cows and pigs was used in the catridges of these rifles and before use upper part of the catridge had to be opened with the mouth. Cow is sacred to Hindus and pig is forbidden for Muslims. These catridges hurt the religious sentiments of both the major communities. When the sepoys were forced to use the catridges , they got provoked. Thus broke out the revolt of 1857 A.D.

CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF THE REVOLT Revolt of 1857 was localised restricted and disorganised Loyalty of the native rulers to the Britishers Limited resources of the rebels Lack of the able leadership and experience Lack of organisation among the Rebels Early out-break of the revolt Absence of High ideal among the rebels Insolence of Bengali sepoys Sikhs and Gorkhas provided support to the British Role played by Railways and Telegraph Britishers policy of Divide and rule Role played by British navy Liberal policy of Canning

EFFECTS OF THE REVOLT End of Company’s rule Direct control of theBritish crown over India End of Mughal dynasty New policy towards Native States Abolition of the title of Peshwa Rise of Nationalism in India Development of Political Associations in India Queen Victoria’s proclamation Indian Council Act of 1861 Reorganisation of Army Increase in the number of Sikhs and Gorkhas in the Army Establishment of separate army units Agricultural reforms Birth of Socio-religious movements

4. Economic Changes under British Rule BRITISH AGRARIAN POLICY The British Govt. in India determined its agrarian policy, keeping in view the economic interests of the England. The Agrarian policy was based on the principle that maximum revenue should be collected from the Indian peasants. The Govt. could not could not implement uniform Land Revenue System in the country. Permanent Settlement in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa , Ryotwari system in Madras, Mahalwari System in U.P. and Punjab was implemented. There was uniformity in the Government’s share of Land revenue was ½ besides, the Zamindars and the Company’s officials use dto exploit the peasants. Revenue was collected strictly. Lands were transferred from cultivating tribes to non-cultivating tribes. The traditional landlords were replaced by new Zamindars . Under Permanent Settlement, the Company authorised the highest bidder to collect Land Revenue from the peasants. Zamindars appointed their agents to collect Land Revenue.

COMMERCIALISATION OF AGRICULTURE Commercialization of Agriculture means use of crops for commercial purposes. The peasants had to deposit the land revenue in cash, therefore peasants started cultivating cash crops to fulfil the nedd of cash. Commercialization of Agriculture affected Social and Economic life of Indian villagers. Commercialization of crops ended age old self- suffficient village communities. It was a progressive change. It gave bith to several new varieties of crops, new seeds and new scientific methods of cultivation were developed. The standard of living and lifestyles of peasants improved greatly. Feudal system was shaken. Peasants were exploited by the commission agents in the city market. They had to sell the crops at the lowest rate and through the same commission agent.

RURAL INDEBTEDNESS CAUSES OF RURAL INDEBTEDNESS Peasants were not able to pay the enhanced Land Revenue and additional taxes. Therefore, he had to take loan from the moneylender. Peasants borrowed money to show off the high status in the society by performing expensive ceremonies. Cultivation depended on old methods and yield was not enough , ultimately, he borrow loan to meet the demands. Land disputes led to litigation Floods, famines, drought, hailstorms ruined the crops, hence he had to depend on moneylender to meet the household demands. Economic Depression of 1929-34.

ECONOMIC DRAIN OF INDIA The British adopted several methods tot ake away Indian wealth to England. The Company got the revenue rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and some other territories, with this money they used to buy Indian goods and sell them in England at higher prices. Indian artisans were aloowed to manufacture only those articles which could be sold in England at higher rates. The British Officers In India were presented very precious gifts by native rulers, zamindars , businessmen rich persons, from time to time. The construction contracts of railways, roads, bridges, canals and Govt. buildings were given to British Companies. The British Govt. of India destroyed Indian trade, industry and cottage industry in a well-planned manner.

GROWTH OF MODERN INDUSTRIES A brief account of the growth of Modern Industries in India as follows: Cotton Textile Industry Jute Millls Iron and Steel Industry Sugar Industry Paper Industry Coal Mine Industry Leather Factories Ginning Mills Flour Mills. Coffee Industry

5.Socio-Religious Reform Movements BRAHMO SAMAJ Raja Ram Mohan Roy was aprominent social reformer of India. He was born in village Radha Nagar of Bengal in 1772 A.D. He was learned man. He learnt Sanskrti , Arabic, Persian and English. He studied old scriptures, Arithmatic and Astrology. In 1801 A.D., he joined service with the English Company at Rangpur . Raja Ram M ohan Roy founde Brahmo Samaj in 1828 A.D. Following were the principles of Brahmo Samaj : Worship of one God Disbelief in idol worship Disbelief in Caste System Condemnation of false rituals and superstitions Lead a simple and pious life Equality among people

ARYA SAMAJ Swami Dayanand was born at Tankara in Gujrat in 1824 A.D. His father was Amba Shankar. Mool Shankar wa sthe original name of Swami Dayanand . He visited various places in search of Guru, then he met Vrijanand , a saint. He asked Dayanand to spread vedic Knowledge and condemn false rituals and superstitions. TEACHINGS Ten Principles Five Yajnas Condemnation of Idol worship Condemnation of false rituals Condemnation of Caste System Equality of Women

ACHIEVEMENTS OF ARYA SAMAJ Achievements in Religious field Achievements in Social field Contribution of Arya Samaj in the spread of Education Contribution in the National Movement On the issue of Education, division took place in Arya Samaj . It split into two parts. When DAV School was establsihed in 1886 A.D. Some Arya Samajists oppposed teaching of English along vedic education. This group was led by Swami Shraddhanand ; when others did not agree with him, he set up Gurukuls to spread education. This split could not prevent the growth of Arya Samaj.Arya Samaj was established more than 125 years ago, till now it has its branches in India.

RAMAKRISHANA MISSION Ramakrishana mission was a reformist movement. It was founded by Swami Vivekanand in May 1897 A.D. in the name of his guru Shri Ram Krishan Paramhansa . Its main aim was to propagate Indian culture, introduce soccial reforms and service of humanity. The mission did commendable work in the field of social reforms and service of mankind. Its three aims: Charitable activities Propaganda work Educational activities Its principles are as follows : To follow the teachings of Shri Ram Krishan and Swami Vivekanand Disbelief in Caste System and belief in equality of Mankind Condemnation of superstitions and false rituals Upliftment of moral standards Recognise and respect all religions.

ALIGARH MOVEMENT Aligarh Movement was an important Reform movement of 19 th century. Its founder was Sir Syed ahmed Khan. He was a liberal and a great scholar, who studied religion deeply and tried to put an end to false rituals. He introduced educational reforms to end ignorance. His movement is known as Aligarh Movement, because its main centre was at Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh. PRINCIPLES OF ALIGARH MOVEMENT The teachings given in quran are only real God(Allah) is omnipotent All Muslims are equal Disbelief in false rituals Respect other religions It is not necesssary to perform force marriages

6. Depressed Classes Movement CONTRIBUTION OF JOTIBA PHULE Opening of Schools for low caste girlsh Establishment of Library Efforts to improve the condition of Widows Prize for books in Marathi Campaigns against the exploitation of Dalits Foundation of Satya Shodhak Samaj Works for Dalits and Women Welfare Propagated the exploitation of Dalits or low caste people throgh magazines and nespapers .

CONTRIBUTION OF DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR Demand for political rights for Dalits Participation in Conferences for depressed classes Started Mooknayak for Depressed classes Establishment of Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha Organisation of Samaj Samat Sangh Satyagrah for Social rights of Dalits Suggestion regarding nomenclature of low caste people Efforts for the upliftment of Workers and Peasants Struggle for political rights for D epressed Classes Formation of Labour Party and Scheduled Caste Federation Efforts as a member of Governor General’s Council Contribution in the framing of New Constitution

CONTRIBUTION OF MAHATMA GANDHI He made special contribution for the welfare of Dalits and to remove untouchability . He called D alits as ‘ Harijans’ . He was against caste system. He believed in the policy of religious tolerance and respect all religions. A large number of his followers belonged to low castes. His efforts for the welfare of Dalits were : Removal of untouchability by Movement Publication of Harijan newspaper Tours for Dalits ’ welfare Worked with Dalits to set an example

7. Growth of Political C onsciousness CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN INDIA Effect of British Imperialism Colonial nature of the British Rule Contacts with Western Countries Researches regarding Ancient Indian History Socio-Religious Reform Movements Economic Exploitation of Indians Spread of English language Policy of Open Trade Political and Administrative Unity of India Humiliating treatment of the Indians by the English Spread of Western education

FOUNDATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS A new era in political life of India began with the foundation of Indian National Congress in 1885. Congres belonged to middle class people; it lacked participation of common people. The first session of INC was held in Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay on 28 th December 1885. The session continued for three days. W.C. Banerjee elected as its first President. The prominent particpants were, A.O.Hume , Feroze Shah Mehta, Dada Bhai Naroji , Tayabji , M.G. Ranade . Following were the aims of INC : To encourage the mutual contacts and friendship among nationalist activists living in different parts of India. To strengthen the feeling of National Unity. To deliberate over important social issues To determine policies and programmes for the next 12 months on the basis of which people’s interestd be protected.

8. Indian National Movement CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT Dissatisfaction with the reforms of 1919 A.D. Oppostion to the Rowlatt Bills. Satyagrah movement of Gandhiji Jallianwala Bagh tragedy Khilafat Movement SIGNIFICANCE Birth of Indian Nationalism Popularity of swadeshi goods Hindu-Muslim Unity Rise of Congress as popular Organization Birth of Swaraj Party

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT Factors leading to the movement Establishment of the Swaraj Party Simon Commission and its report Terrorist Movement All P arty Conference Nehru Report Gandhi-Irwin meeting Resolution of Complete Independence Phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement: I-Phase : 12 th March 1930-5 th March 1931 II-phase : 5 th January 1932-8 th May 1933 III-Phase : Satyagrah

9. Rise of Communal Politics CAUSES FOR THE RISE OF COMMUNAL POLITICS Muslims lost Sovereignity Backwardness of Muslims The Wahabi Movement Religious Movements among Hindus Separate Educational Institutions of various communities British policy of Divide and Rule Diplomacy of Lord Minto Foundation of Muslim League

MUSLIM LEAGUE Factors responsible for the growth of Muslim League British Policy of Divide and Rule Backwardness of the Muslims Deplorable economic condition of the Muslims Contribution of Sir Syed A hmed Khan Spread of Communal ideas Muslim deputation meets Lord Minto The Muslims did not adopt the English System of Education Aims To inculcate the spirit of loyalty in the Indian Muslims towards the British Govt. To protect the political rights of The Muslims To enhance the cordial relations between Muslims and other communities.

10. Towards Partition and Independence CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Formation of Congress Ministeries and their resignations Muslim League observes Day of Deliverance Peasants’ and Labourer’s Movement Development of Socialistic Ideas States’ Peoples Movements Growth Communalism August Declaration of 1940 Cripps Mission Discontentment among Masses Change in the ideas of Gandhiji

Indian Independence Act 1947 A.D. According to Mountbatten Plan, the British Parliament passed Indian Independence Act on 16 th July, 1947 A.D. Its main provisions were : On 15 th August 1947 A.D., there would be two dominions: India and Pakistan Each dominion would have right to frame its own constitution The Act ended the British Paramountcy Each dominion would have a Governor-General The boundaries of both the dominions were demarcated The word ‘emperor of India ‘ abolished Indian Armed forces would be under the supervision of British officerstill the finalization of partition

11. Significant developments after Independence, 1947-64 Making of New Constitution Formation of committees : Committee on Rule Advisory Committee Union Constitution Committee Union Powers Committee Provincial Constitution Committee Sub-Committee on Fundamental rights Sub-Committee on Minorities Committee for negotiations with Princely States Appointment of Drafting Committee

Reorganization of States Formation of different unions of States United States of Kathiawad United States of Vindhya Pradesh United States of Madhya Bharat Greater Rajasthan Union Pepsu Union Himachal Pradesh Travancore Cochin States merged with Provinces States merged with Madras States merged with Punjab States merged with Assam States merged with West Bengal

States with Separate E ntities as Administrative U nits Mysore Hyderabad Jammu-Kashmir States under administration of Centre Hill States of Punjab Bilaspur Bhopal Kutch Manipur Tripura