Introduction to Linguistics Unit IV Morphology Ruja Sukpat English Program Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University What is Morphology The study and description of how words are formed in language ID: 772837
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Introduction to LinguisticsUnit IV: Morphology Ruja Sukpat English Program Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University
What is Morphology?
The study and description of how words are formed in language What is morphology? Merriam-Webster, 2019
What are differences of word, morpheme, and syllable?
Q: What is word? Word is the minimal unit of meaning. It can occur independently in the language. Let’s Think!
Q: What is morpheme? Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of the language Think Further!
Q: What is allomorph? Allomorph is a set of forms that a morpheme may take in different context What’s else!
Q: What is syllable? Syllable is a part of a word that contains a single vowel sound What’s about syllable!
What are roots, stems, and affixes?
A form which is not further analyzable. A part if word form that remains when all affixes have been remove What is a root?
A form to which affixes can be attached. A form of a word before any inflectional affixes are added . What is a stem?
a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. What is an affix?
Types of Morphemes
Free Morphemes: A morpheme that can stand alone independently as a word Types of Morphemes Bound Morphemes: A morpheme that only occurs as a part of word; an affix
Bound Morpheme can be divided into 2 types Bound Morphemes Inflectional Bound Morphemes Derivational Bound Morphemes
Affixes that can define a part of speech Inflections do not change the part of speech of its rootsAll the inflectional affixes are suffixes. Inflectional Morphemes
Noun Inflections Plural Marker: -s/ -es/ -en eg. c hanges, boxes , childr en Possessive Marker: -’s eg. Harry ’s dog, the student ’s score 8 English Inflections
Verb Inflections Past Tense Marker: -ed eg. returned , studied, changed Third Person Singular Marker: -s eg. Harry always wake s up at 6 am. She love s swimming in the sea. 8 English Inflections (cont.)
Verb Inflections Progressive Marker: -ing eg. He is still working on that project.Past Participle Marker: -en/ -ed eg. He has eat en a quick breakfast. Dave has studi ed English since 9 am. 8 English Inflections (cont.)
Adjective and Adverb Inflections Comparative Marker: -er eg. Harry is taller than Dave.Superative Marker: -est eg. Sally is the smart est student in the class. 8 English Inflections (cont.)
Derivational Morphemes Most derivational affixes cause a change of part of speech. Derivations cause a change in meanings. English derivaitonal affixes may be either prefixes or suffixes.
Derivational Morphemes dissimilar disloyal dishonest *dispretty *disgood *disbeautiful dis- means negation, lack Note: * means unacceptable
Examples of Derivational Morphemes blind kind sad happy blind ness kind ness sad ness happi ness - ness changes adjectives to nouns
Examples of Derivational Morphemes train pay employ interview trainee payee employee interviewee - ee changes a transitive verb to a person who is an object or beneficiary of the act
Examples of Derivational Morphemes train pay employ interview trainer payer employer interviewer - e r changes a verb to an agent noun
Examples of Derivational Morphemes culture tone rail -logue mono culture mono tone mono rail mono logue mono- adding meaning ‘alone’, ‘single’, ‘one’
Examples of Derivational Morphemes president husband secretary member ex- president ex- husband ex- secretary ex- member ex- indicating former title or status
Zero Morphemes Ex. fish, sheep, deer, aircraft, salmon, cod, etc. Zero morpheme is an invisible affix.
Word Formation
Complex Words Free Morpheme + Bound Morpheme love + ly = lovely happy + ness = happiness sing + er = singer real + ity = reality keep + er = keeper friend + ly = friendly sail + or = sailor cheer + ful = cheerful
Complex Words (cont.) Bound Morpheme + Free Morpheme re + view = review im + balance = imbalance pre + test = pretest mal + function = malfunction im + plant = implant trans + plant = transplant post + war = postwar post + script = postscript
Complex Words (cont .) Bound Morpheme + Bound Morpheme re + ceive = receive sub + mit = submit de + ceive = deceive pre + dict = predict re + cord = record de + ceive = deceive in + volve = involve pro + gram = program
Compound Words A combination of 2 free morpheme to form a new word and a new meaning rain + bow = rainbow sweet + heart = sweetheart land + mark = landmark room + mate = roommate post + man = postman book + store = bookstore
Compound Words Structure of compound words Noun + Noun e.g. girlfriend, baseball, catwalk Adj. + Noun e.g. sweetheart, hotdog, bluebell Adj. + Adj. e.g. icy cold, red hot Noun + Adj. e.g. life-long, head strong
Ablaut a process by which an inflected form of a word is formed by changing the vowel of the base ( glottopedia ) e.g. sing (v.) song (n.) shoot (v.) shot (n.) sell (v.) sale (n.)
Ablaut Example of ablaut: sing sang sung write wrote written drink drank drunk swim swam swum bring brought brought
Acronym An abbreviation consisting of initial letters that are read like an ordinary word . ( glottopedia ) e.g. NASA N ational A eronautics and S pace A dministration ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations Radar r adio d etection a nd r anging
Back Formation A process in which assumes a word to have a morphological structure, and decomposes it with the similar rule of other similar words e.g. donation donate diagnosis diagnose burglar burgle
Blending a process by combining two separate words with different meaning to a new word with a new meaning e.g. breakfast + lunch blunch motor + hotel motel dance + exercise dancercise education + entertainment edutainment
Clipping The process of forming a new word by shortening one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word e.g. examinatioin exam labolatory lab domitory dorm telephone phone
Functional Shift Functional shift occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. ( wikipedia ) e.g. walk (v.) walk (n.) like (v.) like (n.) love (v.) love (n.)
Coinage A process that the meaning of a brand name is broadened and is used to replace the standard name e.g. Xerox Kleenex Nylon Aspirin Google Kodak
Difference of Word, Morpheme, and Syllable Difference of Root, Stem, and Affix Types of Morpheme: Free Morpheme and Bound Morpheme Word Formation Unit 4 Morphology
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