Cells and Energy - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Cells and Energy

Chp

4Slide2

Long photosynthesis song

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrQzEw9xY5k

Photosynthesis song

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1_uez5WX1o

They Might Be Giants

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYPeeABoUs

Slide3

A. Cellular Energy

Energy Relationships

Every thing needs energy

When energy is used some is lost

Cells store energy for whenever they need it

Have to keep energy stores upSlide4

2.

Autotrophs

and

Heterotrophs

a.

Autotrophs (producers) – make their own food

b. Heterotrophs (consumer) – can’t make their own foodSlide5

3.

ATP:

A

ll

T

hings

P

ossible a. Adenosine triphosphate

b.

Organisms store energy as carbs, lipids, and protein

1)

Carbs – starch and glycogen

2)

Lipids – 2x more energy/gram

3)

Protein – last to be used

c.

These molecules are to big to use

d.

ATP is smaller and useable energy

e.

Accessed quicklySlide6

f.

Structure: 3 parts

1)

Ribose – 5 carbon sugar

2) Adenine – base found in DNA 3) 3 Phosphate groupsSlide7

g.

Energy

1)

Stored in bonds b/w phosphates

2) Break bond = release energy 3) ATP ADP + P + energy

a)

ADP – adenosine

diphosphate

b)

Add a P = ATP

4) ATP is unstable and has to be constantly madeSlide8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFwSlide9
Slide10

B. Photosynthesis

1.

Taking light energy and converting into chemical energy

2.

Plants and algae

3.

Oxygen byproduct

4. Keeps almost every organism aliveSlide11

5.

Chlorophyll (a and b)

a.

Green pigment & catalyst for photosynthesis

b. Absorbs red blue/red, reflects green

c.

Needs light to be producedSlide12

Basic OverviewSlide13

6.

Process

a.

Happens in the

grana

of the

thylakoids of the chloroplast b. Light-dependent phase

1)

Chlorophyll absorbs light by photosystem 2 and 1 (PS1 and PS2)

2)

e

- from chlorophyll gets excited and leaves PS2 3)

Water is separated into H (replaces excited electron) and O2 ions Slide14
Slide15

4

)

O

2

gets excreted

5

) Excited e- pass through electron transport chain (E.T.C.)

a)

Series of protein molecules

b)

In thylakoid membrane

6

)

e- move across membrane pump creating H+ [ ] gradient

(powers ATP production later)Slide16
Slide17

7

)

e

-

which power H+ pump lose energy and recharge at PS1

8

)

Last protein in E.T.C donates e- converting NADP+ NADPH

9)

ATP synthase takes energy from H+ gradient and combines ADP + P into ATPSlide18
Slide19
Slide20

Light Dependent ReactionSlide21

c

Calvin Cycle (dark reaction)

1)

Depends on products of light dependent phase (ATP, NADPH, CO

2

) 2) CO2

binds with

RuBP

making a 6- carbon

molecule from enzyme

Rubisco

3)

6-carbon molecule breaks into 2 3-carbon molecules (PGA) b/c it is unstable Slide22

4)

Add a phosphate to 3 – carbon

5)

Add

ele

. for energy from NADPH 6) Forms G3P

7)

Join 2

G3Ps

to

form glucose

8) Other G3Ps are “recycled” making RuBP molecules

Slide23

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UzMaoaXKaM

Slide24

Basic OverviewSlide25

7.

Conditions

a.

Need right wavelengths and intensity of light – energizes

b. Need CO2

c.

Temperature

d.

Water

Slide26

e.

Optimal amount

1.

Light and CO

2

a) More = faster photosynthesis b) Eventually plateauSlide27

2.

Temperature

a)

Warmer = faster photosynthesis

b)

Too warm = slow photosy. Slide28

3.

Water – more lost = slower

photosyn

.Slide29

8.

Alternative pathways

a.

C

3

– most plants

b. CAM – cacti and pineapple c.

C

4

– Corn

6H

2

O + 6CO

2

C6H12

O6 + 6O2 Slide30

Photosynthesis

(13min)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQK3Yr4Sc_kSlide31

C. Cellular Respiration

Intro

Breaking down food into ATP

Takes stored energy and makes useable energy

Aerobic – needs oxygen

Anaerobic – no oxygen

Opposite process compared to photosynthesisSlide32

2.

Process

a.

Glycolysis

– anaerobic

1) 2 ATP molecules put 2 phosphates on glucose 2)

Glucose is broken into 2 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate)

3)

Pyruvate release e

-

and H

+

to an electron carrierSlide33

4)

Pyruvate have a phosphate put on

5)

Phosphates removed (steps 1 & 4) and added to ADP to form 4 ATP

6) 2 ATP are needed to start process, so net ATP = 2Slide34
Slide35

b.

Krebs (citric acid) cycle - aerobic

1)

Pyruvate loses a carbon

2)

Acetyl CoA (2-C molecule) combines w/4-c molecule to form citric acid (6-C molecule)

3)

C & e

-

released making CO

2

and NADH

4) 5-C loses another C and makes NADH and ATP 5) 4-C molecule is recycled Slide36
Slide37

Kreb’s

Cycle

(5:30)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6bInBQXtmM

Slide38

c.

Electron transport system – aerobic

1)

Most ATP comes from here

2)

e- from NADH and FADH2 enter E.T.C.

3)

Powers H

+

pump to create [ ] gradient (like photosynthesis)Slide39

4)

High energy e

-

move through the E.T.C. as oxygen pulls them through

5)

H

+

leaves through ATP synthase and ATP is producedSlide40
Slide41

d.

Anaerobic Respiration

1)

Fermentation – breakdown of food without oxygen

2)

2 ways a) Alcoholic fermentation

i

.

Bacteria and yeast

ii.

Pyruvic

acid gives of CO2 iii. 2-C molecule gives off ethyl alcoholSlide42

b)

Lactic acid

ferm

.

i

. Animals and bacteria ii. Pyruvic acid is used to make ATP

Table 4A-1 pg 110

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgH_-spn-ewSlide43

Summary (14min)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQSlide44

D. Metabolism

Intro

Energy needed to do life processes

Metabolic rate changes w/environmental conditionsSlide45

2.

Anabolism – builds molecules and store energy

3.

Catabolism – breaks molecules and releases energy