Coping with Change Ideology, Politics, & Revolution - PowerPoint Presentation

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Coping with Change

Ideology, Politics, & Revolution

1815-1850Slide2

The Congress of Vienna Slide3

A Gathering of VictorsMetternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe was maintained.

Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies.

Mutual consultation of politics

Concert of Europe

The Rise of Ideology in politics Slide4

Conservatism The domestic political order among European countries tended to be conservative in form & principle.

Pillars of conservatism were legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Slide5

Epitome of ConservatismSlide6

Conservative Tenets

Opposed the rule of popular sovereignty and economic liberty.

Limited constitutions - power control by monarchies & aristocracies.

The alliance system ->

Concert of EuropeSlide7

Liberalism

Liberalism grew out of the nineteenth-century political turmoil.

Steeped in Enlightenment ideals.

Wanted Constitutions and political freedom.

Responsible GovernmentSlide8

Political & Economic Goals

Wanted boarder political participation, but not direct democracy

Privilege based on wealth and property.

The rising Middle Class -

Bourgeoisie

Laissez-faire Economics -

Capitalism Slide9

Classical Economics

The Dismal Science:

The new working class created problems over population & wages

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834):

Essay on the Principle of Population

David Ricardo (1772-1823):

Principles of Political Economy Slide10

Thomas Malthus

Need to contain population

Conditions could not be improved

Population must eventually outstrip the food supply.

Contraceptive or Higher standard of living

Slide11

David Ricardo

“Iron law of wages”

Raise wages = More children

Expanded market = Lower wages

Lower wages = Fewer children

Wages would always tend toward the minimumSlide12

Nationalism

The belief that a nation is composed of people who are joined by common bonds.

Opposed the Congress of Vienna

The notion of “popular sovereignty”

The Nation and Nationhood. Slide13

Nations on the RiseDeveloped a “national” language that did away with dialects.

The Printed Word

Nationhood as way to bridge together people of an ethnic group.

Nationalists put pressure on EmpiresSlide14
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What was Romanticism?

Fascination with youth and innocence

Questioning authority and tradition for idealistic purposes

An adaptation to the changes in society:

Industrial Revolution

French Revolution

Napoleonic Europe Slide17

Foundations

The Romantic Movement was rooted in the Individualism of the Renaissance.

Sturm and Drang Poetry

- Folk Songs and Pastoral Art

Rousseau and Kant Slide18

The English RomanticsIn England, Romanticism can be traced back as early as the 1790s, because Industrialization hit there first.

“

The best laid schemes of mice and men often go awry / And leaves us not but grief and pain for promised joy!”

~

“To A Mouse”

Robert Burns Slide19

Notable PoetsWilliam Blake: 1757-1827

William Wordsworth: 1770-1850

Samuel T. Coleridge: 1772-1834

Lord Byron: 1788-1824

John Keats: 1795-1821

Percy Shelly: 1792-1822Slide20

The German Romantics

The Germans were more novelists than poets.

They wrote mawkish tales that borrowed heavily from medieval romances.

The Romantic Hero was the larger truth of life.

The Sorrows of Young Werther -

Goethe Slide21

Religion

Middle Ages - Gothic Churches

Reformation - Bible & Faith

Enlightenment - Rational Religion

Romantics - Mysticism Slide22

On HistoryRomanticism saw the glorification of the individual.

German idealism and nationalism saw the birth of the ego.

Great people in History…the will and desire —>

Caesar and Napoleon

Slide23

G.W.F. Hegel

1770-1831

Most important philosopher since Kant.

History was a process of developing Spirit. Slide24

Marxism

1818-1883

German middle class family

University of Berlin

Communist Manifesto Slide25

Communist ManifestoMarx and Engels wrote the manifesto in 1848.

Communism implied the outright abolition of private property

Combination of German Hegelianism, French Socialism, and British classical economics. Slide26

Marx’s RevolutionRevolution through class conflict

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

Proletariat and Communist

“All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” Slide27

Restoration and

Repression

Coping with Change

The aftermath of the Congress of Vienna sparked a number of opposition uprisings.

Crisis, Revolt, and Revolutions

Reform Movements on both sides liberal and conservative Slide28

Universities

Several student groups rise up supporting the cause of nationalism.

Burchenschaften

- Germany

Karl Sand – 1819-20 became a martyr for the student nationalist groups. Slide29

Sand murders KotzebueSlide30

Sand’s Execution Slide31

Carlsbad Decrees Government officials appointed to each University

No teacher/professor allowed to serve as a government official

Banned secret societies and organizations

Rule of expulsion Slide32

Russian DismayIn 1825, Russia began to encounter a series of problems.

Army developed reformist sympathies

Secret Societies spring up and echo the liberal doctrine

Change Russia --- Free the Serfs. Slide33

The Decembrist RevoltTwo crisis breakout in 1825.

The First was Tsar Alexander died with no direct heir to the throne.

Secondly, Moscow regiment of the Russian Army refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas. Slide34

Tsar Nicholas I“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, & Nationalism”

Refused to abolish serfdom

Reform Movements:

- Official Nationality

- Codification of Russian LawSlide35

Problems in England

Lord Liverpool’s Ministry & Popular Unrest

Poor Law and Unions

The Peterloo massacre 1819

The Six Acts & Parliamentary ReformSlide36

St. Peter’s Field 1819Slide37

Six ActsForbade large public meetings

Raised fines for seditious libel

Speedy trial for political agitators

Increased newspaper tax

Prohibited the training of armed groups

Allowed local officials to search homes on suspicion. Slide38

Revolution of 1830

Louis XVIII died in 1824, leaving his brother Charles X heir to the throne

Charles X was a firm believer in rule by divine right.

Historical mistakes lead to blood shed. Slide39

Reactionary PoliciesGave land back to the emigres

Restored the primogeniture rule

Made Roman Catholicism the official and only religion of France

In 1827, denied the Chamber of Deputies constitutionality. Slide40

The July Revolution

In 1830, the liberals won the majority vote for seats in the Chamber of Deputies

Charles attempted a royalist seizure of power.

Royalist victory in AlgeriaSlide41

Four Ordinances July 25, 1830

Restricted freedom of the press

Dissolved the recently elected Chamber of Deputies

Restricted the franchise to the wealthiest people in France

Call for new elections. Slide42

Down goes Charles!!!The royal army could not gain control of Paris.

On August 2, 1830 Charles abdicated and fled to England

The Chamber of Deputies named Louis Philippe “King of the French” Slide43

Fit for a King?Slide44

July Monarchy The July Monarchy established under Louis Philippe was politically liberal

Socially, however, he was a conservative.

Money was the path to power, and the working class was downtrodden

A series of revolts broke out between 1832-1834. Slide45

Les Miserables Slide46

Belgium Becomes Independent

August 25, 1830 disturbances broke out in Brussels following the performance of

Salvatore Rosa

.

Belgium – Catholic and Dutch – Calvinist

A rebellion broke out and Belgium defeated the Dutch.

In 1831, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was declared King of BelgiansSlide47

The Great Reform Bill1830 – George IV died and his brother William IV became king.

Whigs took control of Parliament and William insisted on coming to an agreement.

1832 – Great Reform Bill increased the voting rights to all middle-class men. Slide48

1848 Revolutions

Spring of Nations

Severe food shortages

Commercial and Industrial economy was depressed.

Unemployment & poor living conditions.

Discontent of the working classesSlide49
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France

Liberal opposition to the corrupt regime -> July Monarchy

February 23rd Guizot resigned, on February 24th Louis Philippe abdicated. Slide51

National Assembly & Paris Workers

Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869)

Re-write a new constitution -> 2nd Republic

But workers wanted social revolution too!Slide52

Habsburg EmpireThe Habsburg Empire cut across national lines.

Nationalism was preached throughout the Empire.

1848 rebellions broke out in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, and Italy. Slide53

Louis Kossuth (1802-1894)

Magyar Nationalist

March 1848 made moving speeches at the Hungarian Diet

Independence of Hungary and a responsible gov’t. Slide54

Rebellion in North Italy

March 18, 1848 in Milan a group of Italian Nationalists rebelled against the Habsburg rule in North Italy.

Radicals Mazzini and Garibaldi move to establish a Roman Republic. Slide55

Republicanism

November 15, 1848 radicals assassinate the minister of the Papal States Count Rossi

Pius IX fled to Naples for refuge.

February 1849 declare the Roman RepublicSlide56

Magyar Revolt The incident in Vienna encouraged Magyar leaders in Hungary.

Magyars wished to have a separate Hungarian state within the Habsburg domains.

Forcing Romanians, Serbs, & Croatians to abide by Magyar policy a revolt broke out! Slide57

Czech NationalismAt the same time of the Hungarian revolt, Czech nationalism also pique in the spring of 1848.

Czech nationalist demanded Bohemia and Moravia to be permitted to the Slavic state.

Pan-Slavic Congress called for Slavic recognition. Slide58

Vienna Uprising Kossuth speeches influence student organizations … riots break out in Vienna.

Metternich resigned and fled the country

May 17, 1848 Ferdinand agreed to a moderately liberal constitution.

Hungarian Diet abolished serfdom. Slide59

Germany1848 brought liberalism to the fore-front of German states.

Numerous states such as Wurttemberg, Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria called for a liberal government and German unity. Slide60
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Revolution in PrussiaMarch 15, 1848 large popular disturbances had erupted in Berlin.

Frederick William IV called for an assembly to write a constitution.

Appointed a liberal minister to head the cabinet -> David HansemannSlide62
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Frankfurt ParliamentMay 18, 1848 representatives from all over Germany met in St. Paul’s Church.

Revise the organization of the German Confederation and write a constitution for all Germany.

Grossdeutsch vs. Kleindeutsch Solution Slide64
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Rise & Fall of the Second Republic

Revolution heats up during the summer of 1848 in Paris… “June Days” (Flaubert)

Social order & protection of property.

Failure of the National Workshops

The election of “Little Napoleon” Slide66
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Déjà Vu ???In December 1848 France turned to a strong leader.

Election of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.

With the popular vote Louis-Napoleon becomes the President of the Republic

Maintains a conservative control and then reestablishes the Empire. Slide68

Little Napoleon

December 2, 1851 seized power to call for a reelection.

December 2, 1852 declared the 2nd Empire

Napoleon III Slide69

Divide and Conquer

Gen. Alfred Windisch-Graetz

June 17, 1848 moved against the Czech Nationalists

Germans and Middle Classes approved

Radicals suppressedSlide70

Habsburg Victory

Franz-Joseph takes over the Habsburg Empire

Supported by Tsar Nicholas I, the Habsburgs put down every revolt and returned order. Slide71

Arrivederci Republica In March 1849, radicals forced Piedmont to renew war with Austria.

Piedmont defeated and the new Republic was on its own.

June 1849, Napoleon III sends 10,000 troops to put down the radical rebellion

Pius IX renounces liberalism and returnsSlide72

The Frankfurt FlounderFrederick William IV rejected the constitution because …

There was nothing legal or binding about the actions

Junker support was not interested in Germany unity

He feared opposition from Austria

He did not want “a crown picked up from the gutter.” Slide73

Frederick William IV

By April 1849, a conservative ministry replaced the liberal one in the Assembly

Frederick William IV dissolved the Assembly and proclaimed its own constitution. Slide74

Questions ???

Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail throughout Europe?

What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions?

Why did they sometimes clash?

Idealism vs. Realism -> Flaubert Slide75

What Happened?

Internal divisions among the middle-class liberals, radicals, socialists, artisans, and workers.

Holding power: Liberalism vs. Nationalism

Power of the Conservatives - Ruling Class

People have a difficult time accepting ‘change’ Slide76

Next Week

Compare and contrast the movements of unification in Italy and Germany. Be sure to look at the leadership as well as the methods that these countries used to reach unification.