Orthodox Christianity and the New Testament By Ed Hensley My Background Southern Baptist Texas Fundamentalist Churches Moderate Family Not fluent in Hebrew Greek or Latin Not a scholar Send corrections to EdwinHensleygmailcom ID: 473743
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "The Development of" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
The Development of Orthodox Christianity and the New Testament
By Ed HensleySlide2
My BackgroundSouthern Baptist
Texas
Fundamentalist Churches
Moderate Family
Not fluent in Hebrew, Greek, or Latin
Not a scholar
Send corrections to EdwinHensley@gmail.comSlide3
Outline of this StudyToday’s Lessons In Bold
Early Versions of Christianity
Development of Orthodox Christianity
Development of Christian Canons
Editing the Books of the Canons
Books No Longer in the Canon(s)
Selecting Books for the
Canons
Development of Anti-Judaism in Christianity
– This Lesson
Non-Canonical Books and Myths referenced in the NT
Important Contradictions in the NT and OTSlide4
Development of Anti-Judaism in Early ChristianitySlide5
Historical Background
Ancient Judaism evolved
from the
ancient Canaanite Religion
. El
Elyon
was the most high god of many
gods.
Ancient Hebrews became monolithic
. They believed in many gods, but Hebrews should only worship their god named Yahweh.
Ancient
Hebrews evolved into monotheism
around 6
th
century BCE, believing Yahweh was the only god.Slide6
Historical Background
In 587
BCE,
the southern
Kingdom of Judah
with its capital
Jerusalem
had been conquered by the
Babylonians
who destroyed the
First Temple
and forced the Jewish population into exile, known as the
Babylonian exile
. Fifty years later,
Cyrus of Persia
permitted the Jews to return and build yet a new temple, the
Second Temple
, only to have it destroyed by the Romans in
70 CE.
Thus,
the span of Jewish history from 515
BCE
to
70 CE is
often referred to as the
Second Temple period
.
Within it are four subdivisions
:
(Wikipedia)Slide7
Historical Background
The
Persian Period
(ca. 537-332
BCE).
Jewish nation ruled by high priests
Minimal interference from the Persian kings
Synagogues
became significant sites for teaching and worship
The
Torah
became the focal point of their religion
The
Hellenistic
Period (ca. 332-167
BCE)
The
Holy Land
came under Greek control during conquests by
Alexander the Great
198-167
BCE
was a reign of terror during which Jews suffered horrible atrocities from
Antiochus IV
Epiphanes
, King of Syria, who sought to exterminate Judaism by forceSlide8
Historical Background
The
Hasmonean
Period (167-63
BCE)
Jewish rebels nicknamed "
Maccabees
" ("hammers") led revolt against Antiochus and won independence. Rededication of the Second Temple (defiled by Antiochus) is the origin of
Hanukkah
. Two important Jewish sects,
Pharisees
and
Sadducees
, emerged.
The
Roman
Period
(63 BCE – 70CE)
Roman general
Pompey conquered Jerusalem in 63
BC
E
Herod the Great
appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate (37 - 4
BCE)
Census of
Quirinius
(CE 6)
Judea was a Roman Province (6 – 135 CE)Slide9
Judean Coin 68 CE
A coin issued by the rebels in 68, note
Paleo
-Hebrew alphabet
.
Obverse
: "
Shekel
, Israel. Year 3."
Reverse
: "Jerusalem the
Holy“ – Wikipedia.comSlide10
Roman Coin Celebrating Judean Captivity
An ancient Roman coin. The inscription reads
IVDEA CAPTA
. The coins inscribed
Ivdaea
Capta
(Judea Captured) were issued throughout the Empire to demonstrate the futility of possible future rebellions. Judea was represented by a crying woman
. – Wikipedia.comSlide11
Roman Coin Celebrating Jewish Captivity
Roman
denarius
depicting Titus, circa 79. The reverse commemorates his
triumph
in the
Judaean
wars
, representing a Jewish captive kneeling in front of a trophy of arms
. – Wikipedia.comSlide12
Romans Looting Jewish Treasure
The treasures of Jerusalem taken by the Romans (detail from the
Arch of Titus
). Wikipedia.comSlide13
Tree Of Christian Sects!
Notice that there are a multitude of arrows leading to the Imperial Church in 325 CE. This tree more accurately represents reality.
There were, in fact, a multitude of many different Christian sects prior to 325 CE.Slide14
Heretical Sects & The Council of NiceaSlide15
Jesus Was a Hard CoreJew in Early GospelsSlide16
John: Christians & “The Jews” Are Separate
Son of David
Son of Man
Son of God
Rabbi
King Of The Jews
just "the jews"
Matthew
10
30
8
4
4
1
Mark
3
14
3
4
5
1
Luke
4
25
6
0
3
1
John
0
12
5
7
5
25
Some
manuscripts
do not have “
Son of God
” in Mark 1.Slide17
Jesus Calls a Gentile Woman a Dog
Mark 7
:
25
In fact, as soon as she heard about him, a woman whose little daughter was possessed by an impure spirit came and fell at his feet.
26
The
woman was a Greek, born in Syrian Phoenicia.
She begged Jesus to drive the demon out of her daughter
.
27
“First let the children eat all they want,” he told her, “for it is not right to take the children’s bread and toss it to the dogs.”
28
“Lord,” she replied, “even the dogs under the table eat the children’s crumbs.”
29
Then he told her, “For such a reply, you may go; the demon has left your daughter.”
30
She went home and found her child lying on the bed, and the demon gone
.Slide18
Jesus Calls a Gentile Woman a Dog
Matt 15
:
22
A
Canaanite woman
from that vicinity came to him, crying out, “Lord, Son of David, have mercy on me! My daughter is demon-possessed and suffering terribly.”
23
Jesus did not answer a word
. So
his disciples
came to him and
urged him
, “
Send her away
, for she keeps crying out after us.”
24
He answered, “I was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel.”
25
The woman came and knelt before him.
“Lord, help me!” she said.
26
He replied, “It is not right to take the children’s bread and toss it to the dogs.”
27
“Yes it is, Lord,” she said. “Even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their master’s table.”
28
Then Jesus said to her, “Woman, you have great faith! Your request is granted.” And her daughter was healed at that moment.Slide19Slide20
Jesus Upholds Jewish Law
Matthew 5:
17
“
Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.
18
For truly I tell you, until heaven and earth disappear,
not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law
until everything is accomplished.
19
Therefore
anyone who sets aside one of the least of these commands and teaches others accordingly will be called least in the kingdom of heaven
, but
whoever practices and teaches these commands will be called great
in the kingdom of heaven.
20
For I tell you that
unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven
.Slide21
The Legend ofPontius Pilate:
Blame the Jews,
Not the RomansSlide22
Ecce Homo
("Behold the Man"),
Antonio
Ciseri
's
depiction of Pilate presenting a scourged Jesus to the people of
Jerusalem
. -
wikipediaSlide23
Mark: Pilate & Jews Agree On Verdict
Mark 15:1
Very early in the morning
, the chief priests, with the elders, the teachers of the law and the whole Sanhedrin
, made their plans. So they
bound Jesus, led him away and handed him over to Pilate.
2
“Are you the king of the Jews?” asked Pilate.
“You have said so,” Jesus replied.
3
The chief priests accused him of many things
.
4
So again Pilate asked him, “Aren’t you going to answer? See how many things they are accusing you of.”
5
But
Jesus still made no reply
, and Pilate was amazed
.Slide24
Mark: Pilate & Jews Agree On Verdict
6
Now
it was the custom at the festival to release a prisoner
...
9
“
Do you want me to release to you the king of the Jews
?” asked Pilate,
10
knowing it was out of self-interest that the chief priests had handed Jesus over to him.
11
But the
chief priests stirred up the crowd to have Pilate release Barabbas
instead.
12
“
What shall I do
, then,
with the one you call the king of the Jews
?” Pilate asked them.
13
“
Crucify him!” they shouted.
14
“Why? What crime has he committed?” asked Pilate.
But they shouted all the louder, “Crucify him!”
15
Wanting to satisfy the crowd, Pilate released Barabbas
to them.
He had Jesus flogged, and handed him over to be crucified
.Slide25
Matthew: Pilate Washes His Hands
Matt 27:
11
Meanwhile Jesus stood before the governor, and the governor asked him,
“Are you the king of the Jews?”
“You have said so,” Jesus replied.
12
When he was accused by the chief priests and the elders
, he gave no answer.
13
Then Pilate asked him, “Don’t you hear the testimony they are bringing against you?”
14
But
Jesus made no reply
, not even to a single charge—to the great amazement of the governor.
…17
So when the crowd had gathered,
Pilate asked them, “Which one do you want me to release to you: Jesus Barabbas, or Jesus who is called the Messiah?”
18
For he knew it was out of self-interest that they had handed Jesus over to him.Slide26
Matthew: Pilate Washes His Hands
19
While Pilate was sitting on the judge’s seat, his wife sent him this message: “Don’t have anything to do with that innocent man, for I have suffered a great deal today in a dream because of him.”
20
But the
chief priests and the elders persuaded the crowd to ask for Barabbas and to have Jesus executed.
21
“Which of the two do you want me to release to you?” asked the governor.
“Barabbas,” they answered
.
[Italics added to show text not found in Mark]Slide27
Matthew: Pilate Washes His Hands
22
“
What shall I do, then, with Jesus
who is called the Messiah?”
Pilate asked.
They all answered
,
“Crucify him!”
23
“Why?
What crime has he committed?” asked Pilate.
But they shouted all the louder, “Crucify him!”
24
When Pilate saw that he was getting nowhere, but that instead an uproar was starting, he took water and washed his hands in front of the crowd. “I am innocent of this man’s blood,” he said. “It is your responsibility!”
25
All the people answered, “His blood is on us and on our children!”
26
Then he released Barabbas to them. But
he had Jesus flogged, and handed him over to be crucified
.
[Italics added to show text not found in Mark]Slide28
Matthew: Pilate Washes His Hands
The
details added
by the author of Matthew
imply that Pilate (the Roman authority) was innocent and that the Jews were guilty
of sending Jesus to his crucifixion.
The dream of Pilate’s wife shows that
god was warning Pilate to avoid his (Roman) involvement
.
Pilate washes his hands
, implying that
the blood of Jesus is on the hands of the Jews
, not on him (or Rome).
The phrase
“His blood is on us and on our children
!”
was
used by Christians to kill Jews for centuries
.Slide29
Gospel Of Peter: Jews Refuse to Wash Hands
A fragment of the Gospel of Peter was
discovered in 1884 in a tomb at
Akhmimin
Egypt
.
Gospel of Peter:[1
]
But of the Jews none washed his hands
, neither
Herod
nor one of his judges. And since
they did not desire to wash
, Pilate stood up. [2] And then
Herod the king orders the Lord to be taken away, having said to them, 'What I ordered you to do, do.'
Not only does the Roman Pilate wash his hands (apparently), but
the Jews refuse to wash their hands, implying that they accept the guilt and the consequences for the crucifixion of Jesus.Slide30
Gospel Of Peter: “Woe To Our Sins”
[20] And at the same hour
the veil of the Jerusalem sanctuary was torn into two.
[21] And they drew out the nails from the hands of the Lord and placed him on the earth; and all
the earth was shaken, and a great fear came about
. [22] Then the sun shone, and it was found to be the ninth hour. [23] And
the Jews rejoiced and gave his body to Joseph
that he might bury it, since he was one who had seen the many good things he did. [24] And having taken the Lord, he washed and tied him with a linen cloth and brought him into his own sepulcher, called the Garden of Joseph.
[25] Then the
Jews and the elders and the priests, having come to know how much wrong they had done themselves, began to beat themselves and say: 'Woe to our sins. The judgment has approached and the end of Jerusalem.'Slide31
Gospel Of Peter: “Behold How Just He Was”
[28] But
the scribes and Pharisees and elders
, having gathered together with one another, having
heard that all the people were murmuring and beating their breasts, saying that 'If at his death these very great signs happened, behold how just he was,'
[29] feared (especially the elders) and came before Pilate, begging him and saying, [30]
'Give over soldiers to us in order that we may safeguard his burial place for three days, lest, having come, his disciples steal him, and the people accept that he is risen from the death,
and they do us wrong.'
…[32] And
having rolled a large stone, all who were there, together with the centurion and the soldiers, placed it against the door of the burial place. [33] And
they marked it with seven wax seals; and having pitched a tent there, they safeguarded it
.Slide32
Gospel Of Peter: Talking Cross
…the
soldiers were safeguarding
it
… there
was a
loud voice in heaven
; [36] and they saw that the heavens were opened and that
two males who had much radiance
had come down from there and come near the sepulcher. [37] But
that stone
which had been thrust against the door, having
rolled by itself,
went a distance off the side; and the sepulcher opened, and both the young men entered. [38] And so those soldiers, having seen, awakened the centurion and the elders (for they too were present, safeguarding). [39] And
… they
see three males who have come out from they sepulcher, with the two supporting the other one, and a cross following them, [40] and
the head of the two reaching unto heaven, but that of the one being led out by a hand by them going beyond the heavens.
[41] And they were hearing a voice from the heavens saying, 'Have you made proclamation to the fallen-asleep?' [42] And an
obeisance was heard from the cross, 'Yes.'
[43] Slide33
Gospel Of Peter: Female Disciples Fear Jews
[
50] Now
…
Mary
Magdalene
, a female disciple of the Lord (
who, afraid because of the Jews since they were inflamed with anger, had not done at the tomb of the Lord what women were accustomed to do for the dead beloved by them
), [51] having taken with her women friends, came to the tomb where he had been placed. [52] And
they were afraid lest the Jews should see them and were saying, 'If indeed on that day on which he was crucified we could not weep and beat ourselves, yet now at his tomb we may do these things.
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gospelpeter.htmlSlide34
Legend Of Pilate Continues
Christians started blaming fall of Jerusalem on Jews in 2
nd
Century.
~200 CE Tertullian mentions
legendary letter from Pilate to Tiberius indicating that Christ was divine
. Tiberius brings motion to Roman Senate to have Jesus declared a god. Senate refused, so Jesus not in Roman pantheon at time of
Nicea
.
Legend
says
Pilate converted
to Christianity.
In medieval legend “Surrender of Pilate”, while on trial Pilate says, “Almighty King, I am innocent of these things;
it is the multitude of the Jews who are reckless and guilty.”
God says to Pilate(whose head is on chopping block), “All generations of Gentiles shall call you blessed… and you yourself shall appear as my witness at my 2
nd
coming.”Slide35
Christians ReinterpretThe Old Testament:
It’s All About Jesus!Slide36
Dilemma Over Jewish Scriptures
Hebrew Bible gave Christians
claim of antiquity
.
However,
circumcision and many laws are not popular.
Most Christians were former pagans
, who had no long connections to Judaism.
However,
Jesus and his disciples were Jewish
.
How could Christians claim to be heirs of Jewish scriptures when they do not keep its laws?
Ignatius and others started writing that
Christ himself was the point of the Hebrew scriptures.
An excellent example is the
Epistle of Barnabas.Slide37
Epistle (letter) of Barnabas
Ascribed to Barnabas, a companion of Paul.
Written around 80 – 120 CE.
Included in Codex
Sinaiticus
with 27 books of NT and Shepherd of
Hermas
. Oldest set of NT books (4
th
century).
Considered sacred by many early Christian authorities.
Argues that
Christians, not Jews, were heirs to the promises made to the patriarchs of Israel.
The OT is a Christian, not a Jewish, book.
The Jews have always adhered to a false religion.
Jews misunderstand everything about OT.Slide38
Codex Sinaiticus
Oldest (4
th
Century) collection of 27 books of NT plus Shepherd of Hermes and The Epistle of Barnabas
. These two books are at the end but are not indicated as being inferior to the other 27 books.
Discovered 1859 at foot of Monastery of St. Catherine at the foot of Mt. Sinai in Palestine.
Some of the OT is missing.
An opening from one of the two bound volumes at The British Library. Slide39
Epistle of Barnabas
Jews abandoned the covenant when they turned to Idols
while Moses received the 10 Commandments.
4:6
…
ye
should
take heed unto yourselves, and
not
be like
unto
certain men
, by adding to your sins
and
saying
that their covenant is also ours
.
Ours [Christians],
indeed
, it
is; but
they [Jews]
have lost it for ever
, in this wise
,
after
that Moses had already received it
.
4:7 For the scripture
saith
, And
Moses
was in
the mount
fasting forty days and nights, and he received the covenant from the Lord; even tables of stone written with the finger of the hand of the Lord. Butwhen they turned unto idols they lost it.4:8 For the Lord saith thus unto Moses, Moses, get thee down quickly, for thy people, whom thou broughtest out of the land of Egypt, have done unlawfully. And Moses understood, and cast the two tables from his hands, and the covenant that was on them was broken; to the end that that of the beloved Jesus might be sealed in our hearts in the hope of his faith.Slide40
Epistle of Barnabas
Jews have been
deluded by an evil angel.
Jewish
trust in circumcision
(covenant with god)
is no longer valid.
9:4
To this end, therefore,
hath he circumcised
our [Christian] hearing
,
that when we hear his word, we should
believe; for
the circumcision in which they
[Jews] trust
is
done away with.
For he hath said that circumcision is
not that which was made in the flesh; but they have
transgressed, for an evil angel hath deluded them.Slide41
Epistle of Barnabas
Jews misinterpret dietary laws. They are spiritual metaphors and not meant to be taken literally.
10:1 |But
in that Moses said
, Thou shalt not eat
the
swine
, nor the
eagle
, nor the
hawk
, nor the
crow
,
nor any
fish that hath not scales
in itself,
he had in
his mind
three doctrines.
10:2 For in the end he
saith
unto them
in Deuteronomy
, And I will arrange before this people
my ordinances
.
The commandment of God is not, therefore
, that
they should not eat;
but Moses
spake
in
a spiritual sense.10:3 He spake of the swine with this meaning: Thou shalt not cleave, he meaneth, unto men of this sort, who are like unto swine, for when they become wanton they forget their Lord, but when they are in want they think upon the Lord; even as the swine when it eateth knoweth not its lord, but when it is hungry it crieth, and when it hath received it is again silent.Slide42
Epistle of Barnabas
Jews misinterpret dietary laws. They are spiritual metaphors and not meant to be taken literally.
10:4
Nor shalt thou eat
of the
eagle
, nor of
the
hawk
, nor of the kite, nor of the
crow
.
Thou
shalt not
, he
meaneth
, cleave to, nor be like to men of
this sort
, who know not how to provide sustenance
for themselves
by
labour
and sweat, but in their
iniquity seize
the property of others
, and, as though
they walked
in innocence, watch and observe whom they
shall plunder
, through their covetousness;
even as
these birds
alone provide not sustenance for themselves
by means
of toil, but, sitting idle, seek out how they may eat the flesh of others, being destructive by reason of their wickedness.10:5 And thou shalt not eat, he saith, of the lamprey, or the polypus, or the cuttle-fish. Thou shalt not, he meaneth, cleave to or become like unto men of this sort, who are impious unto the end, and have been already condemned to death, even as these accursed fish alone swim in the depth, not floating as the others do, but dwelling in the earth below the depth of the sea.Slide43
Epistle of Barnabas
Jews misinterpret dietary laws. They are spiritual metaphors and not meant to be taken literally.
10:6
Thus, he
saith
,
Thou shalt not eat the hare
, meaning
thou shalt not indulge in unnatural lusts;
10:7
nor shalt thou eat the
hyaena
, meaning
thou shalt
not be an adulterer;
10:8
nor shalt thou eat the
weazel
, meaning
thou shalt
not do uncleanness with thy mouth
concerning food
;
10:9 therefore
Moses
spake
in the
spirit
these three doctrines
.
But
they [Jews],
according
to the lusts of their flesh, received them as being about meat.Slide44
Epistle of Barnabas
Jews misunderstand the Sabbath
–
It is all about Jesus and the future apocalypse!
First writer to claim world ends after 6,000 years.
15:5
And the words,
He rested on the seventh day
, signify
this: After that his Son hath come, and
hath caused
to cease the time of the wicked one
, and
hath judged
the ungodly, and changed the sun and the
moon and
the stars,
then shall he rest well on the
seventh day.
15:8 And, further,
he
saith
unto them
, Your
new moons
and
your
sabbaths
I cannot endure
. See, now
, what
he
meaneth
. The
sabbaths, that now are, are not acceptable unto me, but that which I have made is, even that in which, after that I have brought all things to an end, I shall make a beginning of theeighth day, which thing is the beginning of another world.15:9 Wherefore we keep the eighth day as a day of gladness, on which also Jesus rose from the dead, and after he had appeared ascended unto heaven.Slide45
Historical Persecution of the Jews since 70 CESlide46
Pagan Roman Persecution of the Jews
70
: The
Roman Army destroyed Jerusalem, killed over 1 million Jews, took about 100,000 into slavery and captivity, and scattered many from Palestine to other locations in the Roman Empire
.
Circa 115 -117
: Jews in Cyprus, Cyrene, Egypt and parts of Mesopotamia
revolted against the Roman Empire
in what is known as the
Kitos
War. This
caused the death of several hundreds of thousands of Romans and Jews. The Roman Legions eventually crushed the
rebellions.
132
:
Bar
Kochba
led a hopeless three-year revolt
against the Roman Empire. Many Jews had accepted him as the Messiah.
About a half-million Jews were killed; thousands were sold into slavery or taken into captivity. The rest were exiled from Palestine and scattered throughout the known world, adding to what is now called the "
Diaspora
." Judaism was no longer recognized as a legal
religion.Slide47
Pagan Roman Persecution of the Jews
135
: Serious Roman persecution of the Jews began. They were
forbidden, upon pain of death, from practicing circumcision, reading the Torah, eating unleavened bread at Passover, etc. A temple dedicated to the Roman pagan god Jupiter was erected on temple mountain in Jerusalem
. A temple of Venus was built on Golgotha, just outside the
city.
2
00
: Roman Emperor Severus
forbade religious conversions to
Judaism.Slide48
Christian Persecution of the Jews
306:
The church
Synod of Elvira
banned marriages, sexual intercourse and community contacts between Christians and
Jews
.
315
: Constantine published the
Edict of Milan
which
extended religious tolerance to Christians. Jews lost many rights
with this edict. They were
no longer permitted to live in Jerusalem, or to proselytize
.
325
: The
Council of
Nicea
decided to
separate the celebration of Easter from the Jewish Passover
. They stated: "
For it is unbecoming beyond measure that on this holiest of festivals we should follow the customs of the Jews. Henceforth
let us have nothing in common with this odious people
...We ought not, therefore, to have anything in common with the Jews...our worship follows a...more convenient course...we desire dearest brethren, to separate ourselves from
the detestable company of the Jews
...How, then, could we follow these Jews,
who are almost certainly blinded.
"Slide49
Christian Persecution of the Jews
337
: Christian Emperor
Constantius
created a law which made the
marriage of a Jewish man to a
Christian
punishable by
death.
339
: Converting to Judaism became a criminal
offense.
343-381:
The
Laodicean
Synod approved Cannon XXXVIII: "
It is not lawful [for Christians] to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety."
367 - 376
: St. Hilary of Poitiers referred to Jews as a perverse people who God has cursed forever. St.
Ephroem
refers to synagogues as brothels
.
379-395:
Emperor Theodosius the Great permitted the destruction of synagogues if it served a religious purpose. Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire at this time.Slide50
Christian Persecution of the Jews
380
: The bishop of Milan was responsible for the burning of a synagogue; he referred to it as "
an act pleasing to God
.
“
415
: The Bishop of Alexandria, St. Cyril, expelled the Jews from that Egyptian city
.
415
:
St. Augustine
wrote "
The true image of the Hebrew is Judas Iscariot, who sells the Lord for silver. The Jew can never understand the Scriptures and forever will bear the guilt for the death of Jesus
.
“
418
:
St. Jerome, who created the Vulgate translation of the Bible
wrote of a synagogue: "
If you call it a brothel, a den of vice, the Devil's refuge, Satan's fortress, a place to deprave the soul, an abyss of every conceivable disaster or whatever you will, you are still saying less than it deserves.
"Slide51
Christian Persecution of the Jews
489 - 519
: Christian mobs destroyed the synagogues in Antioch, Daphne (near Antioch) and Ravenna
.
528
: Emperor Justinian (527-564) passed the
Justinian Code. It prohibited Jews from building synagogues, reading the Bible in Hebrew, assemble in public, celebrate Passover before Easter, and testify against Christians in
court.
535
: The "
Synod of Claremont decreed that Jews could not hold public office or have authority over Christians
.
“
538
: The
3rd and 4th Councils of Orleans
prohibited Jews from appearing in public during the Easter season. Canon XXX decreed that "
From the Thursday before Easter for four days, Jews may not appear in the company of Christians.
"
Marriages between Christians and Jews were prohibited. Christians were prohibited from converting to Judaism.Slide52
Christian Persecution of the Jews
561
: The bishop of
Uzes
expelled Jews from his diocese in France
.
612
: Jews were not allowed to own land, to be farmers or enter certain trades
.
613:
Very serious persecution began in Spain. Jews were given the options of either leaving Spain or converting to Christianity. Jewish children over 6 years of age were taken from their parents and given a Christian
education.
692:
Cannnon
II of the
Quinisext
Council stated: "
Let no one in the priestly order nor any layman eat the unleavened bread of the Jews, nor have any familiar intercourse with them, nor summon them in illness, nor receive medicines from them, nor bathe with them; but if anyone shall take in hand to do so, if he is a cleric, let him be deposed, but if a layman, let him be cut off.
"Slide53
Christian Persecution of the Jews
694
:
The 17th Church
Council of Toledo
, Spain defined Jews as the serfs of the prince. This was based, in part, on the beliefs by Chrysostom, Origen, Jerome, and other Church Fathers that God punished the Jews with perpetual slavery because of their alleged responsibility for the execution of Jesus
.
722
: Leo III outlawed Judaism. Jews were baptized against their
will.
855
:
Jews were exiled from
Italy.
1050:
The
Synod of Narbonne
prohibited Christians from living in the homes of Jews
.
1078
: "
Pope Gregory VII decreed that Jews could not hold office or be superiors to Christians.
"Slide54
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1078:
The
Synod of Gerona
forced Jews to pay church taxes
.
1096
:
The
First Crusade
was launched in this year.
Although the prime goal of the crusades was to liberate Jerusalem from the Muslims,
Jews were a second target.
As the soldiers passed through Europe on the way to the Holy Land, large numbers of
Jews were challenged: "
Christ-killers, embrace the Cross or die!
" 12,000 Jews in the Rhine Valley alone were killed in the first Crusade.
This behavior continued for 8 additional crusades until the 9th in 1272
.
1099
: The
Crusaders forced all of the Jews of Jerusalem into a central synagogue and set it on fire.
Those who tried to escape were forced back into the burning building
.
1121
: Jews were exiled from Flanders (now part of present-day Belgium)Slide55
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1130:
Some Jews in London allegedly killed a sick man. The Jewish people in the city were required to pay 1 million marks as compensation
.
1146
: The
Second Crusade
began. A French Monk, Rudolf, called for the destruction of the Jews
.
1179
: Canon 24 of the
Third Lateran Council
stated: "
Jews should be slaves to Christians and at the same time treated kindly due of humanitarian considerations.
" Canon 26 stated that "
the testimony of Christians against Jews is to be preferred in all causes where they use their own witnesses against Christians
.
“
1180:
The
French King of France, Philip Augustus, arbitrarily seized all Jewish property and expelled the Jews from the country.
There was no legal justification for this action. They were allowed to sell all movable possessions, but their land and houses were stolen by the king.Slide56
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1189
:
Jews were persecuted in England. The Crown claimed all Jewish possessions. Most of their houses were burned
.
1205
:
Pope Innocent III
wrote to the archbishops of
Sens
and Paris that "
the Jews, by their own guilt, are consigned to perpetual servitude because they crucified the Lord
...As slaves rejected by God, in whose death they wickedly conspire, they shall by the effect of this very action, recognize themselves as the slaves of those whom Christ's death set free
...
“.
1215
: The
Fourth Lateran Council
approved canon laws requiring that "
Jews and Muslims shall wear a special dress.
" They also had to wear a badge in the form of a ring. This was to enable them to be easily distinguished from Christians. This practice later spread to other countries.Slide57
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1227
: The
Synod of Narbonne
required Jews to wear an oval badge. This requirement was reinstalled during the 1930's by Hitler, who changed the oval badge to a Star of David
.
1229
:
The Spanish inquisition starts. Later, in 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorizes the use of torture by the Inquisitors
.
1236:
Pope Gregory ordered that church leaders in England, France, Portugal and Spain confiscate Jewish books on the first Saturday of
Lent.
1259:
A
"
synod of the archdiocese in Mainz ordered Jews to wear yellow badges
.
“
1261
: Duke Henry III of Brabant, Belgium, stated in his will that "
Jews...must be expelled from Brabant and totally annihilated so that not a single one remains, except those who are willing to trade, like all other tradesmen, without money-lending and usury.
"Slide58
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1267
: The
Synod of Vienna
ordered Jews to wear horned hats. Thomas Aquinas said that Jews should live in perpetual servitude
.
1290
:
Jews are exiled from England. About 16,000 left the country
.
1298
:
Jews were persecuted in Austria, Bavaria and Franconia. 140 Jewish communities were destroyed; more than 100,000 Jews were killed over a 6 month period
.
1306
:
100,000 Jews are exiled from France. They left with only the clothes on their backs, and food for only one day
.
1320:
40,000 French shepherds went to Palestine on the Shepherd Crusade. On the way, 140 Jewish communities were
destroyed
.
1321
: In
Guienne
, France, Jews were accused of having incited criminals to poison wells. 5,000 Jews were burned alive, at the stake.Slide59
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1338:
The councilors of Freiburg banned the performance of anti-Jewish scenes from the town's passion play because of the lethal bloody reactions against Jews which followed the performances
.
1347 +:
The Black Death originated in the Far East
.
Rats
initially carried the Black Death; their fleas spread the disease from the rats to humans.
In
five years, the death toll had reached 25
million
. People
searched for someone to blame. They noted that a smaller percentage of Jews than Christians caught the disease. This was undoubtedly due to the Jewish sanitary and dietary laws, which had been preserved from Old Testament times. Rumors circulated that Satan was protecting the Jews and that they were paying back the Devil by poisoning wells used by Christians. The solution was to torture, murder and burn the Jews.
"
In Bavaria...12,000 Jews...perished; in the small town of Erfurt...3,000; Rue
Brulïe
...2,000 Jews; near Tours, an immense trench was dug, filled with blazing wood and in a single day 160 Jews were burned.
"
5
In
Strausberg
2,000 Jews were burned. In
Maintz
6,000 were killed...; in Worms 400..." Slide60
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1338:
The councilors of Freiburg banned the performance of anti-Jewish scenes from the town's passion play because of the lethal bloody reactions against Jews which followed the performances
.
1347 +:
The Black Death originated in the Far East
.
Rats
initially carried the Black Death; their fleas spread the disease from the rats to humans.
In
five years, the death toll had reached 25
million
. People
searched for someone to blame. They noted that a smaller percentage of Jews than Christians caught the disease. This was undoubtedly due to the Jewish sanitary and dietary laws, which had been preserved from Old Testament times. Rumors circulated that Satan was protecting the Jews and that they were paying back the Devil by poisoning wells used by Christians. The solution was to torture, murder and burn the Jews.
"
In Bavaria...12,000 Jews...perished; in the small town of Erfurt...3,000; Rue
Brulïe
...2,000 Jews; near Tours, an immense trench was dug, filled with blazing wood and in a single day 160 Jews were burned.
"
5
In
Strausberg
2,000 Jews were burned. In
Maintz
6,000 were killed...; in Worms 400..." Slide61
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1354
: 12,000 Jews were executed in Toledo
.
1374:
An
epidemic of possession broke out in the lower Rhine region of what is now Germany. People were seen "
dancing, jumping and [engaging in] wild raving
." This was triggered by enthusiastic revels on St. John's Day - an Christianized version of an ancient Pagan seasonal day of celebration which was still observed by the populace. The epidemic spread throughout the Rhine and in much of the Netherlands and Germany. Crowds of 500 or more dancers would be overcome together. Exorcisms were tried, but failed. Pilgrimages to the shrine of St. Vitus were tried, but this only seemed to exacerbate the problem. Finally, the rumor spread that God was angry because Christians had been excessively tolerant towards the Jews. God had cursed Europe as He did Saul when he showed mercy towards God's enemies in the Old Testament. Jews "
were plundered, tortured and murdered by tens of thousands.
" The epidemic finally burned itself out two centuries later, in the late 16th century. Slide62
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1391
: Jewish persecutions begin in Seville and in 70 other Jewish communities throughout Spain
.
1394
:
Jews were exiled, for the second time, from France
.
1431 +:
The
Council of Basel
"
forbade Jews to go to universities, prohibited them from acting as agents in the conclusion of contracts between Christians, and required that they attend church sermons
.“
1434:
"
Jewish men in Augsburg had to sew yellow buttons to their clothes. Across Europe, Jews were forced to wear a long undergarment, an overcoat with a yellow patch, bells and tall pointed yellow hats with a large button on them
.“
1453
: The Franciscan monk, Capistrano, persuaded the King of Poland to terminate all Jewish civil rights.Slide63
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1478
: Spanish Jews had been heavily persecuted from the 14th century. Many had converted to Christianity. The Spanish Inquisition was set up by the Church in order to detect insincere conversions. Laws were passed that prohibited the descendants of Jews or Muslims from attending university, joining religious orders, holding public office, or entering any of a long list of
professions.
1492
:
Jews were given the choice of being baptized as Christians or be banished from Spain.
300,000 left Spain penniless. Many migrated to Turkey, where they found tolerance among the Muslims. Others converted to Christianity but often continued to practice Judaism in secret.Slide64
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1497
:
Jews were banished from Portugal.
20 thousand left the country rather than be baptized as Christians
.
1516
: The
Governor of the Republic of Venice decided that Jews would be permitted to live only in one area of the city.
It was located in the South
Girolamo
parish and was called the "
Ghetto Novo
." This was the first ghetto in Europe. Hitler made use of the concept in the 1930's
.
1523
:
Martin Luther distributed his essay "
That Jesus Was Born a Jew.
" He hoped that large numbers of Jews would convert to Christianity. They didn't, and he began to write and preach hatred against them. Luther has been condemned in recent years for being extremely
antisemitic
. The charge has some merit; however he was probably typical of most Christians during his era.Slide65
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1539:
A passion play was forbidden in Rome because it prompted violent attacks against the city's Jewish residents
.
1540
: Jews were exiled from Naples
.
1543
: In his 20's,
Martin Luther, had expected Jews to convert to Christianity in large numbers. Distressed by their reluctance, he developed a hatred for Jews,
as expressed in his letters to Rev.
Spalatin
in 1514, when he was 31 years of age. He wrote
:
"I have come to the conclusion that the
Jews will always curse and blaspheme God and his King Christ,
as all the prophets have predicted....
For they are thus given over by the wrath of God to reprobation, that they may become incorrigible
, as Ecclesiastes says, for every one who is incorrigible is rendered worse rather than better by correction.
"Slide66
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1543
:
Martin Luther
wrote "
On the Jews and their lies, On Shem
Hamphoras
" : Slide67
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1543
:
Martin Luther
wrote "
On the Jews and their lies, On Shem
Hamphoras
" :
"...eject them forever from this country. For, as we have heard, God's anger with them is so intense that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse and worse, while sharp mercy will reform them but little. Therefore, in any case, away with them!...
What then shall we Christians do with this damned, rejected race of
Jews
?
First, their synagogues or churches should be set on fire,...
Secondly
, their homes should likewise be broken down and destroyed... They ought to be put under one roof or in a stable, like Gypsies.
Thirdly
, they should be deprived of their prayer books and
Talmuds
in which such idolatry, lies, cursing and blasphemy are taught.Slide68
Christian Persecution of the Jews
Fourthly
, their
rabbis must be forbidden under threat of death to teach any more
.
Fifthly,
passport and traveling privileges should be absolutely forbidden
to
the Jews
...
Sixthly
, they ought to be stopped from usury. All their cash and valuables of silver and gold ought to be taken from them
and put aside for safe
keeping.
Seventhly,
let the young and strong Jews and Jewesses
be given the flail, the axe, the hoe, the spade, the distaff, and spindle and let them
earn their bread by the sweat of their noses
as in enjoined upon
Adam's
children
.
To sum up, dear princes and nobles who have Jews in your domains, if this advice of mine does not suit you, then find a better one so that you and
we may all be free of this insufferable devilish burden - the Jews."Slide69
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1550
: Jews were exiled from Genoa and Venice
.
1555:
A Roman Catholic Papal bull, "
Cum
nimis
absurdum
," required Jews to wear badges, and live in ghettos. They were not allowed to own property outside the ghetto. Living conditions were dreadful: over 3,000 people were forced to live in about 8 acres of land. Women had to wear a yellow veil or scarf; men had to wear a piece of yellow cloth on their hat
.
1582
: Jews were expelled from Holland
.
1648-9
:
Chmielnicki
Bogdan
led an uprising against Polish rule in the Ukraine. The secondary goal of
Bogdan
and his followers was to exterminate all Jews in the country. The massacre began with the slaughter of about 6,000 Jews in
Nemirov
. Other major mass murders occurred in
Tulchin
,
Polonnoye
,
Volhynia
, Bar, Lvov, etc. Jewish records estimate that a total of 100,000 Jews were murdered and 300 communities destroyed.Slide70
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1806
:
A French Jesuit Priest
, Abbe
Barruel
, had written a treatise blaming the Masonic Order for the French Revolution. He later issued a letter alleging that Jews, not the Masons were the guilty party.
This triggered a belief in an international Jewish conspiracy in Germany, Poland and some other European countries later in the 19th century
.
1819:
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many European Jews lobbied their governments for emancipation. They sought citizenship as well as the same rights and treatment as were enjoyed by non-Jews. This appears to have provoked sporadic
anti-semites
to engage in anti-Jewish violence. The rioters cried "
Hep
!
Hep
!
." The origin(s) of this cry are not clear. Jews and their property were attacked first in
Wuerzburg
, Germany during 1819-AUG. The rioting spread across Germany and eventually reached as far as Denmark and Poland.Slide71
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1840:
A rumor spread in Syria that some Jews were responsible for the ritual killing of a Roman Catholic monk and his servant. As a result of horrendous treatment, some local Jews confessed to a crime that they did not commit. This "
Damascus Affair
" spurred early Zionist writers like Hess to promote the Zionist cause.
1846 - 1878:
Pope Pius IX restored all of the previous restrictions against the Jews within the Vatican state. All Jews under Papal control were confined to Rome's ghetto - the last one in Europe until the Nazi era restored the church's practice.
On 2000-SEP-3, Pope John Paul II beatified Pius IX; this is the last step before sainthood. He explained: "
Beatifying a son of the church does not celebrate particular historic choices that he has made, but rather points him out for imitation and for veneration for his virtue
."Slide72
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1858:
Edgardo
Mortara
was kidnapped, at the age of six, from his Jewish family by Roman Catholic officials after they found out that a maid had secretly baptized him. He was not returned to his family but was raised a Catholic. He eventually became a priest.
1873
: The term "
antisemitism
" is first used in a pamphlet by Wilhelm Marr called "
Jewry's Victory over
Teutonism
.“
1881
: Alexander II of Russia was assassinated by radicals. The Jews were blamed. About 200 individual pogroms against the Jews followed. ("
Pogrom
" is a Russian word meaning "
devastation
" or "
riot
." In Russia, a pogrom was typically a mob riot against Jewish individuals, shops, homes or businesses. They were often supported and even organized by the government.) Thousands of Jews became homeless and impoverished. The few who were charged with offenses generally received very light
sentences.Slide73
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1893
: "
...anti-Semitic parties won sixteen seats in the German Reichstag
.
“
1894
: Captain Alfred Dreyfus, an officer on the French general staff, was convicted of treason. The evidence against him consisted of a piece of paper from his wastebasket with another person's handwriting, and papers forged by
antisemitic
officers. He received a life sentence on Devil's Island, off the coast of South America. The French government was aware that a Major Esterhazy was actually guilty.
The church, government and army united to suppress the truth. Writer Emile Zola and politician Jean
Jaur
fought for justice and human rights. After 10 years, the French government fell and
Dreyfus
was declared totally innocent.
The Dreyfus Affair
was world-wide news for years. It
motivated Journalist Theodor Herzl to write a book in 1896: "
The Jewish State: A Modern Solution to the Jewish Question.
" The book led to the founding of the Zionist movement which fought for a Jewish Homeland. A half century later, the state of Israel was born.Slide74
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1903
: At Easter, government agents organized an anti-Jewish pogrom in Kishinev, Moldova, Russia. The local newspaper published a series of inflammatory articles. A Christian child was discovered murdered and a young Christian woman at the Jewish Hospital committed suicide. Jews were blamed for the deaths. Violence ensured. The 5,000 soldiers in the town did nothing. When the smoke cleared, 49 Jews had been killed, 500 were injured; 700 homes looted and destroyed, 600 businesses and shops looted, 2,000 families left homeless. Later, it was discovered that the child had been murdered by its relatives and the suicide was unrelated to the
Jews.Slide75
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1905
:
The
Okhrana
, the Russian secret police in the reign of Czar Nicholas II, converted an earlier
antisemitic
novel into a document called the "
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
."
It was published privately in 1897. A Russian Orthodox priest,
Sergius
Nilus
, published them publicly in 1905.
It was promoted as the record of "
secret rabbinical conferences whose aim was to subjugate and exterminate the Christians
."
The Protocols were used by the
Okhrana
in a propaganda campaign that was associated with massacres of the Jews. These were the Czarist Pogroms of 1905.Slide76
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1915
: 600,000 Jews were forcibly moved from the western borders of Russia towards the interior. About 100,000 died of exposure or starvation
.
1917
: "
In the civil war following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the reactionary
White Armies made extensive use of the Protocols to incite widespread slaughters of Jews
."
Two hundred thousand Jews were murdered in the Ukraine alone
.
1920
: The
Protocols
reach England and the United States. They are exposed as a forgery, but are widely circulated. Henry Ford sponsored a study of international activities of Jews. This led to a series of
antisemitic
articles in the Dearborn Independent, which were published in a book, "
The International Jew
."
The Protocols were
sold on Wal-Mart's online bookstore
until they were removed on 2004-SEP-21.Slide77
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1920
:
The defeat of Germany in World War I and the continuing economic difficulties were blamed in that country on the "
Jewish influence
."
One
antisemitic
poster has been preserved from that era.
It shows a German, presumably Christian woman, a male Jew with distorted facial features, a coffin and the word "Deutschland" (Germany
).
1920's, 1930's
:
Hitler had published in
Mein
Kampf
in 1925, writing: "
Today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.
" The
Protocols
are used by the Nazis to whip up public hatred of the Jews in the 1930's. Widespread pogroms occur in Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Poland, Rumania, and the USSR. Radio programs by many conservative American clergy, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, frequently attacked Jews.
Reverend Fr. Charles E Coughlin was one of the best known. "
In the 1930's, radio audiences heard him rail against the threat of Jews to America's economy and defend Hitler's treatment of Jews as justified in the fight against communism.
"
Other
conservative Christian leaders, such as Frank Norris and John
Straton
supported the Jews.Slide78
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1920s-30s:
Discrimination
against Jews in North America is widespread. Many universities set limits on the maximum number of Jewish students that they would accept. Harvard accepted all students on the basis of merit until after World War I when the percentage of Jewish students approached 15%. At that time they installed an informal quota system. In 1941, Princeton had fewer than 2% Jews in their student body. Jews were routinely barred from
country
clubs, prestigious neighborhoods, etc
.
1933
:
Hitler took power in Germany.
On APR-1, Julius
Streicher
organized a one-day boycott of all Jewish owned businesses in the country. This was the start of continuous oppression by the Nazis culminating in the Holocaust (a.k.a.
Shoah
). Jews "
were barred from civil service, legal professions and universities, were not allowed to teach in schools and could not be editors of newspapers.
"
Two years later, Jews were no longer considered citizens.Slide79
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1934:
Various laws were enacted in Germany to force Jews out of schools and professions
.
1935: The Nazis passed the
Nuremberg Laws
restricting citizenship to
those
of "
German or related blood
." Jews became
stateless.
1936
: Cardinal
Hloud
of Poland urged Catholics to boycott Jewish businesses
.
1938
:
Nazi government in Germany sent storm troopers
, the SS and the Hitler Youth
on a pogrom
that killed 91 Jews, injured hundreds, burned 177 synagogues and looted 7,500 Jewish stores. Broken glass could be seen everywhere;
the glass gave this event its name of
Kristallnacht
, the Night of Broken Glass.Slide80
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1938
:
Hitler
brought back century-old church law, ordering all Jews to wear a yellow Star of David as identification.
A few hundred thousand Jews are allowed to leave Germany after they give all of
their
assets to
the government.Slide81
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1939
:
The Holocaust, the
Shoah
-- the systematic extermination of Jews in Germany -- began.
The process only ended in 1945 with the conclusion of World War II and the liberation of the death camps. Approximately 6 million Jews (1.5 million of them children), 400 thousand Roma (Gypsies) and others were slaughtered. Some were killed by death squads; others were slowly killed in trucks with carbon monoxide; others were gassed in large groups in Auschwitz,
Dacau
,
Sobibor
, Treblinka and other extermination camps. Officially, the holocaust was described by the Nazis as subjecting Jews "
to special treatment
" or as a "
solution of the Jewish question.
" Gold taken from the teeth of the victims was recycled; hair was used in the manufacture of mattresses. In the Buchenwald extermination camp, lampshades were made out of human skin; however, this appears to be an isolated incident. A rumor spread that Jewish corpses were routinely converted into soap. However, the story appears to be false.Slide82
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1940:
The Vichy government of France collaborated with Nazi Germany by freezing about 80,000 Jewish bank accounts. During the next four years, they deported about 76,000 Jews to Nazi death camps; only about 2,500 survived. It was only in 1995 that a French president, Jacques Chirac, "
was able to admit that the state bore a heavy share of responsibility in the mass round-ups and deportations of Jews, as well as in the property and asset seizures that were carried out with the active help of the Vichy regime
.
“
1941:
The
Holocaust Museum
in Washington DC estimates that 13,000 Jews died on 1941-JUN-19 during a pogrom in Bucharest, Romania. It was ordered by the pro-Nazi Romanian regime of Marshal Ion
Antonescu
. The current government has admitted that this atrocity happened, but most Romanians continue to deny that the Jews were killed on orders from their own government.Slide83
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1941:
Polish citizens in
Jedwabne
in northeastern Poland killed hundreds of Jews, by either beating them to death or burning them alive in a barn. According to the Associated Press: "
The role played by Polish citizens was suppressed for nearly six decades until publication of a book by a Polish
emigre
historian, Jan Tomasz Gross. After release of the book in 2000, the Polish government launched an investigation. 'The role of the Poles was decisive in conducting the criminal act,' [prosecutor
Radoslaw
]
Ignatiew
, said. The book, '
Neighbours
,' sparked national soul-searching among Poles, many of whom could not believe that anybody but the Nazis would have committed the atrocity
.
“Slide84
Christian Persecution of the Jews
1942:
The Nazi leaders of Germany, at the
Wannsee
conference, decided
on"the
final solution of the Jewish question" which was the attempt to exterminate every Jew in Europe
. From JUL-28 to 31, almost 18,000 Russian inhabitants of the Minsk ghetto in what is now Belarus were exterminated. This was in addition to 5,000 to 15,000 who had been massacred in earlier pogroms in that city. This was just one of many such pogroms during World War II.
1945
:
The
Shoah
(Holocaust) ended as the Allied Forces over-ran the Nazi death camps
.
1946:
Even though World War II ended the year before,
antisemitic
pogroms continued, particularly in Poland, with the deaths of many Jews.Slide85
Christians And Jews TodaySlide86
Christians And Jews Today
After World War II & the establishment of Israel in 1948,
anti-Semitism became politically incorrect.
Many Christian churches distanced themselves from anti-Semitism.
In response to Nazi intolerance
,
many Christian sects started promoting tolerance in living with other religions
, even if it was also taught that all non-Christians would burn in hell (as many Christian churches still do).
The phrase
Judeo-Christian rises in frequency
to indicate Jewish and Christian common heritage.
Christians
still claim the OT is about Jesus
.Slide87
Christians Still Claim OT About Jesus
John 5:
“
39
You
study
the Scriptures diligently because you think that in them you have eternal life.
These are the very Scriptures that testify about me
,
40
yet you refuse to come to me to have life
.”
NT verse used to claim OT is about Jesus.
Gen 3:
“And
I will put
enmity between
you and the woman
, and
between your
offspring
and hers
;
he
will
crush
your head
, and
you will strike his heel
.”
– Christians claim this is a prophecy that Satan will cause Jesus to be killed, but Jesus will return from the dead to crush Satan’s head.
Noah’s Ark and the flood is about Christian baptism.
See this
Christian site as one example of Jesus in the OT: http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/Jesus-in-the-Old-Testament.cfm.Slide88
Christians – Isaiah 7 is About Jesus
Christians claim Isaiah 7:14 is about Jesus
. However,
context shows Isaiah 7:14 is a sign for King
Ahaz
that god will be with him as his kingdom is invaded by 2 rivals.
Isaiah 7:
10
Again the
Lord
spoke to
Ahaz
,
11
“Ask the
Lord
your God for a sign
, whether in the deepest depths or in the highest heights
.”
12
But
Ahaz
said, “I will not ask; I will not put the
Lord
to the test
.”
13
Then Isaiah said, “Hear now, you house of David! Is it not enough to try the patience of humans? Will you try the patience of my God also?
14
Therefore the
Lord himself will give
you
a sign
: The
virgin[a] will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel. 15 He will be eating curds and honey when he knows enough to reject the wrong and choose the right, 16 for before the boy knows enough to reject the wrong and choose the right, the land of the two kings you dread will be laid waste.Isaiah 7:14 young woman in all Hebrew texts[d][d]Slide89
Christians – Isaiah 53 Is About Jesus
Isaiah 53:4
Surely
he took up our
pain and
bore our suffering
,
yet we considered him punished by God
, stricken
by him, and
afflicted.
5
But
he was pierced for our transgressions
,
he was
crushed for our
iniquities
; the
punishment that brought us peace was on him
, and
by his wounds we are healed
.
6
We all, like sheep, have gone astray
, each
of us has turned to our own way
; and
the
Lord
has laid on
him the
iniquity of us all.However, Isaiah 53:10 says the suffering servant will have descendants & a long life: “he will see his offspring and prolong his days”. The OT changes the tense of many verbs (was to is, etc) from those found in the Hebrew Bible to make the verses more compatible with Jesus. For these and many reasons, Isaiah 53 could not be a prophecy of Jesus.Slide90
Outline of this Study
Early Versions of Christianity
Development of Orthodox Christianity
Development of Christian Canons
Editing the Books of the Canons
Books No Longer in the Canon(s)
Selecting Books for the
Canons
Development of Anti-Judaism in Christianity
Non-Canonical Books and Myths referenced in the NT (next
lesson
)
Important Contradictions in the NT and OT (
next
lesson
)Slide91
Books Used In This Study
Lost
Christianities
, Bart Ehrman
Misquoting Jesus, Bart Ehrman
Jesus Interrupted, Bart Ehrman
http://www.ntcanon.org/table.shtml
http://
www.ntcanon.org/authorities.shtml
, Richard Carrier
Black and White pictures from Ehrman with permission
Other images from Wikipedia and other public websites
Best image of tree of Christian sects from Concordia University website.
Map of early Christian sects from University of California.