See Unit VII parts 123 For detailed explanations Imperialism Post 1850 New Markets Natural Resources Business profits labor World Power Status Spread Democracy Was the campaign issue in 1900 after SpanishAmerican War ID: 1020870
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1. Class Notes1865-1920 Foreign AffairsSee Unit VII parts 1,2,3For detailed explanations
2. Imperialism Post 1850New MarketsNatural ResourcesBusiness profits (labor)World Power StatusSpread DemocracyWas the campaign issue in 1900 after Spanish-American WarMcKinley v Bryan
3. Justification for ImperialismManifest DestinySocial DarwinismMahon’s The Influence of Sea Power upon HistoryMidwayWakeSamoa…Pago Pago…Tripartite
4. Methods of obtaining landPurchase (Louisiana v Alaska)Seward’s FollyAnnexation (Texas v Hawaii)Cleveland, McKinleyWar (Mex.-Am. v Sp.-Am and treaties)Treaty of Paris: Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba
5. Philippines the farthest and least likely to become part of the U.S.War 1898-1902Emilio AquinaldoTaft…1st civilian governorJones ActJuly 4, 1946 independence
6. CubaThe Teller Amendment…a problemPlatt Amendment in Cuba’s constitutionCould not get into impossible debt to other countriesCould not lease, sell part of itself to other countriesMust accept U.S. interventionMust lease or sell harbors to U.S.
7. Puerto RicoThe Foraker Act1901 Downes v BidwellBy 1917: U.S. Citizenship, no tariff, no passport required.1952: Operation Bootstrap: federal funds for Puerto Rico
8. Latin America1895 Boundary dispute: British Guinea v Venequela…GoldCleveland sent an American Boundary commission to settle the issue
9. Pan-American UnionBlaine’s claim to fameSec. of State (Garfield, Arthur)U.S. a leader in the Western Hemisphere
10. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe DoctrineWhen a Latin American country is guilty of wrongdoing, the U.S. would intervene to make it rightDominican RepublicHaitiNicaraguaCaused much L.A. resentment
11. MexicoDuring U.S. Civil War Mexico acquired debt to FranceFrance occupied Mexico (Napoleon III sent French troops and Maximillian as emperorU.S. Monroe Doctrine and troops
12. U.S. Investments in MexicoDiaz (Taft)Madero (Wilson)Huerta (Wilson)Caranza (Wilson)Poncho Villa (Wilson)
13. Issue with HuertaHe murdered Madero and Wilson would not be friendlySo..Incident: USS Dolphin and apologiesFighting at Tampico BaySettled by ABC Powers
14. CarranzaSnubbed Wilson (U.S. not popular with Mexican people)Poncho Villa …talks with BryanBritish needed Mexican oil but did not want to offend U.S.Finally U.S. recognized Carranza
15. BUTTrouble with Poncho Villa
16. Panama CanalNecessary for the efficiency of the U.S. NavyThe Oregon in Sp.-Am. WarChose Panama for low gradeNeeded locks for water levelsTook 7 yearsThen U.S. fixated on securing canal
17. Treaties1850 Clayton- Bulwar with Brits1901 Hay Poncefote with BritsDeal with Lesseps Co. (French)Then Hay-Herran Treaty (with Columbia)Then Columbians reneged
18. Panama Revolution and IndependenceThe U.S. Nashville and help from LessepsHay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama:10 million up front250,000 each year for 99 years
19. Panama CanalMuch LA resentment re Columbian rightsBritish mad as U.S. ships did not have to pay tollGorgas mosquito problemGoethal chief engineerBlack workersVital to the defense of W. Hem.
20. China1844 U.S. special trading privilegesThen Europeans tooEuropeans: Spheres of InfluenceManchuria: Russia and JapanBrits: port cities (Hong Kong)French: IndoChina
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22. Open Door PolicyJohn Hay and Open Door NotesA radical departure from traditional (isolationist) U.S. Foreign Policy
23. Boxer Rebellion 1901Herbert HooverReparations
24. Japan1854 U.S. sent guns and giftsJapan opened ports to U.S.Then to other EuropeansThen Menji Restoration
25. War 1894-95Japan v ChinaJapan got FormosaKorea gained independence
26. War Japan v Russia 1904-05Over ManchuriaTreaty of Portsmouth (TR)Japan wanted: Manchuria, Korea, Money, Sakhalin IslandJapan got Korea and Manchuria (sphere of influence and ½ of Sakhalin Island
27. Bad BloodAnti-American riots in TokyoU.S. Press “Yellow Peril”San Francisco School BoardWith TR: Gentleman’s AgreementWith TR: Root-Tahira AgreemenTaft: Dollar Diplomacy
28. Causes WWIPrimary: Nationalism and ImperialismSecondary: France and revenge, Russia and warm water port, Arms Race, Balkans a Powder keg, System of Alliances
29. System of AlliancesTriple Alliance (or Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (satellites: Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria)Triple Entente (or Allied Powers) Britain, France and Russia (satellite Serbia)
30. Direct CauseAustrian heir, Archduke Ferdinand and wife were touring Sarajevo (recently annexed into Austro-Hungarian Empire) was assassinated by a Serbian student, Gavrillo Princip
31. Then What Happened?Austria went after SerbiaRussia mobilized to protect ally, SerbiaGermany declared war on Russia and its ally, FranceGerman troops marched through neutral BelgiumEngland declared war on Gemany and Austria-Hungary
32. OthersItaly, Japan, Ottomans, Bulgaria, etcU.S. entered late in the warRussia will drop out to continue revolutionItaly dropped out of triple Alliance early and joined Triple Entente later
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34. WWI and the U.S.Proclamation of neutrality and violationsGerman Uboats and neutrals:1915 The Lusitania1916 The SussexEngland’s blockade awfully close to U.S.Scandinavian countries
35. BelgiumHerbert Hoover and the Committee for the Relief of BelgiumThe Great Humanitarian
36. Trade = Economic ProsperityTrade with allies = economic prosperity1914 $824 million1916 $3.2 BillionShut off from trade with Central powers but England and France were essential
37. Bryan (Sec. of State) ResignedAfter Wilson urged Congress to increase military spendingPeace and PreparednessTR “Weasel Words”
38. Election 1916Wilson gave an implied promise to stay out of the war “Peace and Preparedness” TR: Weasel WordsVote for Wilson. He kept up out of the warElection 1916: (Dem) Wilson 277 (Reps) Hughes 254One of the smallest margins in history to that point
39. Wilson’s 14 PointsPoints 1-5 Elimination of the general causes of warPoints 6-13 Self-determination for nationsPoint 14: League of NationsWilson wanted the above to be incorporated into the treaty ending the war
40. Leading the U.S. into WarFebruary 1917 German minister warned that U-Boats would sink all ships (neutrals too) in a broad zone around England without warningLate February 1917 Zimmerman Cable Germany to Mexico “If the U.S. entered the European war and IF Mexico would go to war with U.S. THEN Mexico would gain lost lands to the North (SW U.S…Treaty of G.H.)
41. April 1917Wilson to Congress: Lusitania Sussex Zimmerman cableUse the war as a lasting vehicle to world peace
42. March 1917Russian RevolutionSaved the U.S. embarrassment of alliance with despotKerensky government was more republican (Menshvik)But civil war in Russia continuedOct 1918 Romanov’s killed…Bolshevik takeover and Russia dropped out
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44. Brits in troubleChief service of the U.S. navy: to guard ships transporting troopsU.S. and Brits: anti-sub mines in North SeaInvention of depth chargeGerman U-Boats DID NOT prevent U.S. from taking an active part in the war
45. US Mobilization AwesomeMay 1917 Selective Service Act: All men 21-30 subject to the draft…later 18-456 months training3 million drafted2 million volunteersSgt. York: most decorated man in war (US)
46. The End of the WarBy October 1918 Germany pushed back to won bordersBy end of Oct, Germany asked for peace terms (based on 14 Points)War ended 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month 1918
47. The War at HomeWar funded by: Bonds & taxes Luxury taxes for the first timeWar cost $10 Billion (1915 federal budget $1 billion)Salaried classes benefitted leastWomen stepped in to fill men’s jobs and were rewarded later with the vote
48. Federal Agencies to run the WarWar Industries BoardFuel AdministrationRR AdministrationWar Labor BoardFood Administration
49. Controls of Amendment I1917 Espionage Act severe punishments to prevent spying and disloyalty Up to $10,000 fine and 20 years in jail for aiding the enemy or obstructing recruiting or the post master
50. Controls of Amendment 11918 Sedition Act could not utter, print, write or publish anything disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive about the government, constitution or army and navy uniformsAlso included criticism of YMCA and Red CrossDebs got 10 years for anti-war speechGoldman The Spirit of ‘76
51. Other StuffPopular Songs: Over There, Pack up Your TroublesCivil Liberty violations: Hyphenated Americans Specifically, German-Americans Suffered Liberty Cabbage, etc
52. Peace Conference at VersaillesWilson: No Republicans, Not a seasoned diplomat Did not get points 1-13 due to earlier secret treaties. Did get League of NationsEngland: Lloyd GeorgeFrance: ClemenceauItaly: Orlando Left early, furious
53. The Treaty and ProblemsBritain and France wanted harsh termsU.S. refused reparationsGermany lost territory, colonies, paid reparationsAustria-Hungary lost 2/3 of landCzechoslovakia (Sudetenland…German)Poland Independent and divided Germany
54. End of the WarAt Home: Republicans Isolationist: would not ratify Treaty of Versailles. Did not want to belong to the League of Nations (Lodge)Liberals were disillusioned with the Treaty and with WilsonWilson was arrogant, stubborn and had a stroke
55. The Human Cost of the War10 Million lives lost:Russia 1,700,000France 1,357,000Brits 908,000Germany 1,800,000Austria 1,200,000Turkey 325,000U.S. 112,000
56. The Spanish Flu20,000,000 additional lives 1918-1919Pandemic