Please pick up a copy of the class notes from the cart and work on completing Part I Reconstruction Amendments with your partner You will also need your Focus 20 film guide for Lincoln Please turn in Focus 21 maps only to the box on the back table ID: 700384
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Slide1
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
Please pick up a copy of the class notes from the cart and work on completing Part I (Reconstruction Amendments) with your partner. You will also need your Focus 20 film guide for
Lincoln
.
Please turn in Focus 21 (maps only) to the box on the back table.
We will:
*identify major goals of both presidential and congressional Reconstruction and evaluate how they differed
*finish our film study of
LincolnSlide2
Reconstruction Amendments
What are the so-called “Reconstruction” amendments?
What did they accomplish?
Why are they considered some of the most important amendments to the Constitution in U.S. history?Slide3
Reconstruction Amendments
13
th
:
*ended slavery in America
14
th
:
*guaranteed civil rights and “due process” to all citizens
*defined citizenship to include African Americans
*limited the ability of states to deny “due process”
*section 2 eliminated the “Three Fifths” clause
15
th
:
*guaranteed voting rights for African AmericansSlide4
Important Questions at the End of the Civil War
Should rebellious Southerners be punished for secession and causing the Civil War or should they be returned to full American citizenship as quickly as possible without any further punishment?
Should Southern states be readmitted to the Union as quickly and easily as possible or should they be forced to undergo major hurdles before readmission?
Should African Americans, including freed slaves, be granted full citizenship rights?Slide5
Lincoln’s Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s
“10% percent” plan
(1863):
offered readmission to Southern states in which 10% of the voting population took a loyalty oath
excluded Confederate government officials and military
officers from regaining citizenship
slaves
freed but
all blacks excluded
from voting
Lincoln
pocket-vetoed the
Wade-Davis Bill
, introduced by
Radical Republicans
, which would have required a second “ironclad” oath and delayed
readmission of Southern states
Lincoln
sought to reintegrate the South quickly and with few if any punitive measures; mirrored by
General Grant’s conduct in accepting Lee’s surrender at
Appomattox
in April 1865Slide6
Andrew Johnson (17th president, 1865-69)Slide7
President Johnson’s Version of Reconstruction
After Lincoln’s assassination in April 1865, Vice-President
Andrew Johnson
(of
Tennessee
)
carried Lincoln’s plan forward but with his own agenda:
exclusion of large property-holders from
oath-taking (Johnson blamed secession and the war on them)
creation of state
civil governments
in unreconstructed
Southern states
granting of thousands of pardons, permitting former Confederate leaders to reassume political control
tolerance of
Southern state
“black codes”Slide8
Example of a Black Code (T
exas, 1866)
Chapter CXXVIII. An Act to define and declare the rights of persons lately known as Slaves, and Free Persons of Color.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Texas, That all persons heretofore known as slaves, and free persons of color, shall have the right to make and enforce contracts, to sue and be sued, to inherit, purchase, lease, hold, sell, and convey real, personal and mixed estate; to make wills and testaments, and to have and enjoy the rights of personal security, liberty, and private property, and all remedies and proceedings for the protection and enforcement of the same and there shall be no discrimination against such persons in the administration of the criminal laws of this State.
SEC. 2. …nothing herein shall be so construed as to repeal any law prohibiting the inter-marriage of the white and black races, nor to permit any other than white men to serve on juries, hold office, vote at any election, State, county, or municipal; Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to allow them to testify, except in such cases and manner as is prescribed in the Constitution of the State. Slide9
What type of source is this?
Who/What do you notice in the image?
What is the message of the image?
How would this image have challenged the presidential approach to Reconstruction?
“Franchise: And not this man?”
Harper’s Weekly
August 5, 1865Slide10
Congressional Reconstruction Changes Course
Moderate and Radical Republicans united against Johnson’s perceived tolerance for the old Southern power structure, the “black codes,” and his overtures to Northern Democrats; led by:
Senator
Charles Sumner
(of “Bleeding Sumner” fame) and …
Representative
Thaddeus Stevens
(portrayed by Tommy Lee Jones in
Lincoln
)Slide11
Radical Reconstruction
Helps
Freedmen:
Republicans
supported creation of
the
Freedmen’s Bureau
to help former slaves adapt to life in freedom – provided education, housing, job training, and other programs
The
Civil Rights Act of 1866
passed over Johnson’s veto
Congress then pushed for ratification of the
Fourteenth Amendment
(1868
) to ensure that civil rights and “due process” would be guaranteed
Above: Food rations distributed to the old and sick by the Freedmen’s Bureau. Below: A Richmond, Virginia school supported by the Bureau. Source: Library of Congress.Slide12
Radicals Impose Their Rule on the South:
To
ensure enforcement of federal laws, Congress passed the
Reconstruction Act of
1867
, which:
rejected legitimacy of civil governments in the South
i
mposed martial law and established
five military districts
created more stringent rules for readmission
The
Act effectively put the
U.S. Army
in charge of the
South
It also set the stage for a fight between Congress and President Johnson, who tried to fire Secretary of War Stanton in violation of the
Tenure of Office Act
(1867); led to Johnson’s
impeachment
and near removal from
office
Slide13Slide14
Reconstruction Leadership in the South:
Radical Reconstruction led to the emergence of state governments dominated by
freedmen
,
carpetbaggers
, and
scalawags
; created long-term social tensions and intensified Southern resentment
Freedmen:
former slaves – able to vote and serve in office during Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers:
Northerners who moved to the South after the war to profit from Reconstruction
Scalawags:
white Southerners who joined the Republican Party and supported ReconstructionSlide15
First Black U.S. CongressmenSlide16
Frederick Douglass, 1866
“The arm of the Federal government is long, but it is far too short to protect the rights of individuals in the interior of distant States. They must have the power to protect themselves, or they will go unprotected, in spite of all the laws the Federal government can put upon the national statute-book.”
Slide17
Before we leave…Complete Focus 20 and 21 to turn in today.Homework 12 is due by Wednesday.
We will introduce the storyboards exhibit and your topic assignment on Wednesday.