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Reconstruction (1865-1877) Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Reconstruction (1865-1877) - PowerPoint Presentation

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Reconstruction (1865-1877) - PPT Presentation

Please pick up a copy of the class notes from the cart and work on completing Part I Reconstruction Amendments with your partner You will also need your Focus 20 film guide for Lincoln Please turn in Focus 21 maps only to the box on the back table ID: 700384

rights reconstruction state civil reconstruction rights civil state southern south slaves states black amendments war 1865 lincoln persons act

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Slide1

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Please pick up a copy of the class notes from the cart and work on completing Part I (Reconstruction Amendments) with your partner. You will also need your Focus 20 film guide for

Lincoln

.

Please turn in Focus 21 (maps only) to the box on the back table.

We will:

*identify major goals of both presidential and congressional Reconstruction and evaluate how they differed

*finish our film study of

LincolnSlide2

Reconstruction Amendments

What are the so-called “Reconstruction” amendments?

What did they accomplish?

Why are they considered some of the most important amendments to the Constitution in U.S. history?Slide3

Reconstruction Amendments

13

th

:

*ended slavery in America

14

th

:

*guaranteed civil rights and “due process” to all citizens

*defined citizenship to include African Americans

*limited the ability of states to deny “due process”

*section 2 eliminated the “Three Fifths” clause

15

th

:

*guaranteed voting rights for African AmericansSlide4

Important Questions at the End of the Civil War

Should rebellious Southerners be punished for secession and causing the Civil War or should they be returned to full American citizenship as quickly as possible without any further punishment?

Should Southern states be readmitted to the Union as quickly and easily as possible or should they be forced to undergo major hurdles before readmission?

Should African Americans, including freed slaves, be granted full citizenship rights?Slide5

Lincoln’s Plans for Reconstruction

Lincoln’s

“10% percent” plan

(1863):

offered readmission to Southern states in which 10% of the voting population took a loyalty oath

excluded Confederate government officials and military

officers from regaining citizenship

slaves

freed but

all blacks excluded

from voting

Lincoln

pocket-vetoed the

Wade-Davis Bill

, introduced by

Radical Republicans

, which would have required a second “ironclad” oath and delayed

readmission of Southern states

Lincoln

sought to reintegrate the South quickly and with few if any punitive measures; mirrored by

General Grant’s conduct in accepting Lee’s surrender at

Appomattox

in April 1865Slide6

Andrew Johnson (17th president, 1865-69)Slide7

President Johnson’s Version of Reconstruction

After Lincoln’s assassination in April 1865, Vice-President

Andrew Johnson

(of

Tennessee

)

carried Lincoln’s plan forward but with his own agenda:

exclusion of large property-holders from

oath-taking (Johnson blamed secession and the war on them)

creation of state

civil governments

in unreconstructed

Southern states

granting of thousands of pardons, permitting former Confederate leaders to reassume political control

tolerance of

Southern state

“black codes”Slide8

Example of a Black Code (T

exas, 1866)

Chapter CXXVIII. An Act to define and declare the rights of persons lately known as Slaves, and Free Persons of Color.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Texas, That all persons heretofore known as slaves, and free persons of color, shall have the right to make and enforce contracts, to sue and be sued, to inherit, purchase, lease, hold, sell, and convey real, personal and mixed estate; to make wills and testaments, and to have and enjoy the rights of personal security, liberty, and private property, and all remedies and proceedings for the protection and enforcement of the same and there shall be no discrimination against such persons in the administration of the criminal laws of this State.

SEC. 2. …nothing herein shall be so construed as to repeal any law prohibiting the inter-marriage of the white and black races, nor to permit any other than white men to serve on juries, hold office, vote at any election, State, county, or municipal; Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to allow them to testify, except in such cases and manner as is prescribed in the Constitution of the State. Slide9

What type of source is this?

Who/What do you notice in the image?

What is the message of the image?

How would this image have challenged the presidential approach to Reconstruction?

“Franchise: And not this man?”

Harper’s Weekly

August 5, 1865Slide10

Congressional Reconstruction Changes Course

Moderate and Radical Republicans united against Johnson’s perceived tolerance for the old Southern power structure, the “black codes,” and his overtures to Northern Democrats; led by:

Senator

Charles Sumner

(of “Bleeding Sumner” fame) and …

Representative

Thaddeus Stevens

(portrayed by Tommy Lee Jones in

Lincoln

)Slide11

Radical Reconstruction

Helps

Freedmen:

Republicans

supported creation of

the

Freedmen’s Bureau

to help former slaves adapt to life in freedom – provided education, housing, job training, and other programs

The

Civil Rights Act of 1866

passed over Johnson’s veto

Congress then pushed for ratification of the

Fourteenth Amendment

(1868

) to ensure that civil rights and “due process” would be guaranteed

 

Above: Food rations distributed to the old and sick by the Freedmen’s Bureau. Below: A Richmond, Virginia school supported by the Bureau. Source: Library of Congress.Slide12

Radicals Impose Their Rule on the South:

To

ensure enforcement of federal laws, Congress passed the

Reconstruction Act of

1867

, which:

rejected legitimacy of civil governments in the South

i

mposed martial law and established

five military districts

created more stringent rules for readmission 

The

Act effectively put the

U.S. Army

in charge of the

South

It also set the stage for a fight between Congress and President Johnson, who tried to fire Secretary of War Stanton in violation of the

Tenure of Office Act

(1867); led to Johnson’s

impeachment

and near removal from

office

 Slide13
Slide14

Reconstruction Leadership in the South:

Radical Reconstruction led to the emergence of state governments dominated by

freedmen

,

carpetbaggers

, and

scalawags

; created long-term social tensions and intensified Southern resentment

Freedmen:

former slaves – able to vote and serve in office during Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers:

Northerners who moved to the South after the war to profit from Reconstruction

Scalawags:

white Southerners who joined the Republican Party and supported ReconstructionSlide15

First Black U.S. CongressmenSlide16

Frederick Douglass, 1866

“The arm of the Federal government is long, but it is far too short to protect the rights of individuals in the interior of distant States. They must have the power to protect themselves, or they will go unprotected, in spite of all the laws the Federal government can put upon the national statute-book.”

 

                          

Slide17

Before we leave…Complete Focus 20 and 21 to turn in today.Homework 12 is due by Wednesday.

We will introduce the storyboards exhibit and your topic assignment on Wednesday.