Examine 22 Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue Evaluate two relevant studies 22 KF Shallice and Warrington 1974 ID: 621618
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Slide1
Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour.
Examine (22) – Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue
.
Evaluate
two relevant studies. (22)Slide2
KF - Shallice and Warrington (1974)Slide3
Shallice and Warrington (1974
) – Case Study of KF
Background:
KF was in a motorcycle accident and suffered memory impairment
Brain damage to the left parietal and occipital lobes
Results:
He could transfer information from STM to LTM
He suffered problems with STM of different types of information
digit span was severely impaired
visual and auditory information (e.g. telephone ring) was unaffected Slide4
Milner and Scoville (1957) - The Case Study of HM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0Od5DrdPA4Slide5
Milner and Scoville (1957) - The Case Study of HM
Method
:
At age 27 (1953) H.M had brain surgery to control his epilepsy and to stop seizures.
He had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy.
They removed tissue from the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus.
H.M. was studied extensively for 40 years.
In 1997, researchers used an MRI scan
Results
:
After the operation, HM had anterograde amnesia – he was unable to create new memories
Nothing could be stored in his long-term memory (LTM).
His childhood memories were intact Memories immediately before the operation were lost. His working memory was intact. MRI Scan Results (1997) – Brain damage was pervasive and included the hippocampus, the amygdala, and other areas close to the hippocampus.
Conclusion:
The hippocampus is needed for memories to be transferred to long-term memory. Slide6
Milner and Scoville (1957) - The Case Study of HMSlide7
Sacks (2007) – Clive Wearing Case Study
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2YSlide8
Sacks (2007) – Clive Wearing Case StudySlide9
Sacks (2007) – Clive Wearing Case Study
Background:
Clive Wearing was a musician who got a viral infection - encephalitis.
This left him with serious brain damage in the hippocampus (biological cause), which caused memory impairment (effect on cognition)
He
suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Results:
He could not transfer information from STM to LTM.
His memory lasted 7-30 seconds, and he was unable to form new memories.
Wearing still had the ability to talk, read, write, conduct and sight-read music (procedural knowledge)
Wearing’s episodic memory and some of his semantic memory were lost.
MRI scans of Wearing’s brain showed damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regions.
Conclusion: The case of Clive Wearing provides insight into the biological foundation of different memory systems, which is a cognitive process. Wearing’s case highlights the interaction between cognition and physiology as it establishes the link by illustrating the effect of physiological causes in the brain (brain damage occurring in hippocampi region, on the social and cognitive interactions of the individual. Slide10
Varga-Khadem et al. (1997)
Method:
2 patients – Beth & Jon - who both suffered bilateral hippocampal damage in early life before developing semantic memories.
Results:
They both had poor episodic memory.
They had normal speech, language development and semantic memory.
A follow-up study on Jon (2002) found that he had high intelligence and his semantic memory was better than his episodic.