How brain damage affects memory processing Refers to the learning outcome Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process What is amnesia ID: 914501
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Slide1
Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology. Evaluate two studies
Slide2How brain damage affects memory processing
Refers
to
the
learning
outcome
:
Explain
how
biological
factors
may
affect
one
cognitive
process
Slide3What is amnesia?
Memory
loss (
inability
to learn new information or retrieve information)Two typesI.Retrograde Memory loss of events BEFORE brain damageII. AnterogradeMemory loss of events AFTER brain damageInfo: http://www.tbiguide.com/memory.html
Slide4Causes
Developmental issues
Concussion
Migraines
Epilepsy
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
Specific brain lesions
(i.e. surgical removal
) – HMDrugsInfection – Clive WearingPsychological (trauma)Nutritional deficiencyLack of Sleep!
Slide5Famous case: Clive Wearing
Suffers
both
anterograde and retrogradeMRI scan shows damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regionsEpisodic memory and some semantic memory are lost cannot
put
new information in long term
memoryImplicit memory and emotional memory still intactMemory span: few seconds
Slide6How Clive Wearing percieves
it
Not
able
to remember anything for more than a blinkKept a journal”I am awake” ”This time finally awake””I was fully conscious at 10.35p.m””Forever today” Deborah 2005
Slide7How it happened?
In
M
arch
1985
In his forties Brain Infection (Herpes encephalitis)Injured hippocampusHippocampus - center for long term memoryPerception was unimpaired but he could almost not remember anythingThe
most
devastating case of amnesia ever recorded
Slide8CLIP ON CLIVE WEARING!
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y
Slide9Case study: HManterograde
amnesia
First
studied by Milner & Scoville 1957Head injury when he was 9Epileptic seizuresNo drug treatment surgey 27 years oldRemoved tissue
from the temporal
lobe
, including hippocampus, the amygdalaH.M.'s Brain and the History of Memory by Brian Newhouse:http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=7584970&m=7584971
Slide10HM after the surgery
Cured
his
seizures, gave him amnesia (anterogade)Able to: Carry on a conversationNot able to: Recognize people and also rereads magazines.Can
remember
if rehearsedMRI scanner in 1997 that supported what was suspectedAnswer ”ethics in research” on p. 79 and ”understanding research”
Slide11Interaction cognition and physiology
HM’s amnesia
Could not
memorize
new EXPLICIT (declarative) memories (both semantic and episodic memory)
Intact procedural memoriesPhysiologyParts of hippocampus was removed and most of the amygdala
Cerebellum
was not damaged
Slide12Critical thinking – the case studies
Strengths
Limitations
Researchers
too
close to the participantsTime consumingEthical considerations;Long, intense, stressfulMore difficult to generalizeRaise interesting questions for further research
Could generalize if similar cases
in
depth, rich data through a variety of methodsHigh ecological validityLongitudinalEthical if not stressful and nor forcing
Slide13MRI study and Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
Varga-Khadem et al. (1997)
performed a study using MRI scanning with three young patients who had brain injuries.
Aim
; investigate the relationship between the brain injury and anterograde amnesia.
Methods; MRI scanning and memory tests/experimentsParticipants; One child had suffered brain damage at birth, the second by the age of 4 years, and the third one by the age of 9.
Slide14Results;
all three children had damage to the hippocampus.
Amnesia - severe problems with episodic memory,
their cognitive development was within the normal range.
They were low-average to average in language skills, factual knowledge, and literacy.
Conclusion; the study provides support for the idea that there are separate episodic and semantic stores in long-term memory. Only episodic memory seems to be fully dependent on the hippocampus.Critical thinking; a lot of scientific research support this
Slide1515
CONCLUSION
We have learned a lot about memory and amnesia from case studies
but individual cases are not as statistically powerful as group studies
Slide16animal
research is needed for in depth analysis
Animal research show the same thing
Slide1717
Critical thinking research and theories MLA
Case studies +/-
Scanning evidence +/-
Few cases
Animal research (cause amnesia in e g monkeys and investigate) +/-
Applicability
Useful and important findings –
1) Treat the amnesia
2) The existence of Multiple memory systems
3) Localization of cognitive functions
Slide18Summary
You
can
use Clive and H.M as support (how biological factors may affect one cognitive process: brain damage on memory)H.M and Clive W can also be used as support for the multi-store model of memory (since they show that our memory consists of different
memory
systems)
Both can be used as support in LO about ethical considerationsSince you need two biological factors: you can
use
the
study
by Martinez and
Kesner
(1991)
Ach
in
memory
formation
You
can
also
(
great
isn’t
it?)
use
H.M and Clive for the LO in the
biological
level
of
analysis
: ”
Examine
one
interaction
between
cognition
and
physiology
in terms of
behaviour
”